1. BLOOD A - BODY FLUIDS B - BLOOD I- Function II- Composition III- Hemostasis IV- Blood group

2. BLOOD A - BODY FLUIDS B - BLOOD I- Function II- Composition III- Hemostasis IV- Blood group

3. Body fluid -40% solid matter - 60% of fluid: - 2\3 intracellular - 1\3 extracellular - 80% interstitial - 20% circulation

4. BLOOD A - BODY FLUIDS B - BLOOD I- Function II- Composition III- Hemostasis IV- Blood group

5. Blood: Functions: 1. transport nutrients to cells and remove wastes. 2. regulation of temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, glucose, calcium... 3. protection = fight infection (white blood cells)

6. BLOOD A - BODY FLUIDS B - BLOOD I- Function II- Composition III- Hemostasis IV- Blood group

7. Hematocrit

9. BLOOD A - BODY FLUIDS B - BLOOD I- Function II- Composition a- Plasma b- Formed elements: b1- Erythrocyte b2- Leukocyte b3- Thrombocyte III- Hemostasis IV- Blood group

10. Plasma composition plasma - yellowish clear liquid, composed of water, proteins and other solutes. Water = 90% Proteins = (all synthesized by the liver) (almost 10%): Albumin = 54%, regulates osmotic pressure Globulins = 38%, alpha and beta globulins in transport, gamma globulins in defense (antibodies) Fibrinogen = 7%, coagulation Other solutes (less than 1%) : Electrolytes - Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++ Nutrients - glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, monoglycerides... Gases - O2, N2, CO2 Regulatory substance - hormones, enzymes Vitamins Wastes

11. BLOOD A - BODY FLUIDS B - BLOOD I- Function II- Composition a- Plasma b- Formed elements: (hematopoiesis) b1- Erythrocyte b2- Leukocyte b3- Thrombocyte III- Hemostasis IV- Blood group

12. Hematopoiesis

13. Blood cells – Formed Elements

14. Erythrocytes -99% of formed elements -bag" filled with hemoglobin (15g/100ml of blood) -about 4 to 5 millions RBC per mm3 blood -Carry oxygen

15. Erythropoiesis In red bone marrow (all hematopoiesis) Hemocytoblast  Reticulocyte (nucleated) Last stage = erythrocytes (lost nucleus)

16. BLOOD A - BODY FLUIDS B - BLOOD I- Function II- Composition a- Plasma b- Formed elements: b1- Erythrocyte b2- Leukocyte b3- Thrombocyte III- Hemostasis IV- Blood group

17. Hemoglobin Globin + Heme Globin = 2 alpha + 2 beta chains Heme = porphyrin ring + Fe Carry oxygen to tissues

18. Life cycle of a RBC

19. Factors influencing RBC synthesis -Presence of nutrients: -Proteins  globin -Iron -vitamin B-12 (found in food) Intrinsic factor: secreted in stomach promotes absorption of Vit B-12 in the duodenum deficit  pernicious anemia erythropoietin hormone synthesized by kidney decreased blood O2 stimulates secretion of erythropoietin by the kidney. stimulates the bone marrow to produce more RBCs Applications: altitude sickness - athlete training - blood doping

20. BLOOD A - BODY FLUIDS B - BLOOD I- Function II- Composition a- Plasma b- Formed elements: b1- Erythrocyte b2- Leukocyte b3- Thrombocyte III- Hemostasis - Vasospasm b- Platelet plug formation c- Coagulation d- Clot retraction and fibrinolysis IV- Blood group a- ABO blood group b- Rhesus blood group

21. Leukopoiesis

22. Leukocytes granular leukocytes - neutrophils - 70% - phagocytosis of bacteria, debris; work within the blood vessels - Eosinophils - 3% - destroy parasites - Basophils - allergic reactions (mast cells in tissues) agranular leukocytes - lymphocytes - 20%, form antibodies B-lymph (bone marrow) T-lymph (bone => thymus) - monocytes - phagocytosis of bacteria and debris (macrophages in tissues)

23. BLOOD A - BODY FLUIDS B - BLOOD I- Function II- Composition a- Plasma b- Formed elements: b1- Erythrocyte b2- Leukocyte b3- Thrombocyte III- Hemostasis - Vasospasm b- Platelet plug formation c- Coagulation d- Clot retraction and fibrinolysis IV- Blood group a- ABO blood group b- Rhesus blood group

24. Thrombocytes - Platelets Derived from megakaryoblasts Bits of cytoplasm Full of chemical 200 000 mm 3 Role: Platelet plug formation

25. BLOOD A - BODY FLUIDS B - BLOOD I- Function II- Composition a- Plasma b- Formed elements: b1- Erythrocyte b2- Leukocyte b3- Thrombocyte III- Hemostasis a- Vasospasm b- Platelet plug formation c- Coagulation d- Clot retraction and fibrinolysis IV- Blood group a- ABO blood group b- Rhesus blood group

26. Hemostasis Definition: Ability of the body to stop bleeding. Four phases: 1- Vasospasm 2- Platelet plug formation 3- Coagulation 4- Clot Retraction

27. Step 1: Vasospasm Local effect Reflex Due to smooth vessels in blood vessels Goal: to decrease amount of bleeding

28. Step 2: Platelet plug Platelets: - change shape - become sticky - release chemicals - among them: serotonin

29. Step 3: Coagulation Transform fibrinogen into strand of fibrin Two pathways –Extrinsic pathway –Intrinsic pathway

30. Extrinsic and Intrinsic coagulation pathways

31. BLOOD A - BODY FLUIDS B - BLOOD I- Function II- Composition III- Hemostasis IV- Blood groups

32. Blood Types Many blood types Due to proteins present on the surface on the RBC In some case, presence of antibodies in the plasma Examples: ABO, Rh, MN …

34. Rh blood type Rh +: -Rh protein present on the RBCs - no antibody ever present in the plasma Rh -: no protein on the RBCs, no antibody anti-Rh in the blood BUT the person can manufacture them if they are exposed to them RH+: more common (85%)

37. Readings Chp 15 Entire chp + blood groups (seen in class)