1. data fundamentals file processing fundamentals entity-relationship diagrams the cornucopia case portfolio project chapter4 Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise section II Analysis

2. Chapter Objectives When you complete this chapter you will be able to: Identify data types and structures within a file Distinguish between master and transaction files Define the relationship between two files Construct and normalize an entity-relationship diagram Chapter 4 Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise 2

3. Data Fundamentals The Data Model: Data is organized into data files, which appear as data stores on the DFD On a DFD, a data store may actually represent –an independent data file –a data file that is part of a database –a database consisting of several related data files The data model provides detailed information on the data stores identified in the DFD 3 Chapter 4 Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise

4. Chapter 4 4 Figure 4-1: Data Models and the Six CIS Components Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise

5. Data Fundamentals Data Definition and Structure: Data is defined by three attributes: name, size, and type –Data names provide unique and descriptive labels –Data size determines the amount of space required to store the data –Data type specifies how the computer stores the data and restricts how the data can be used Data elements are organized into structures –a record is a collection of related data elements or fields –a data file is a collection of related records 5 Chapter 4 Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise

6. File Processing Fundamentals Data File Types: One way to classify files is to consider how file content correlates to events or activities within the enterprise –A master files is a collection of data that represents an identifiable person or thing –A transaction file is a collection of data that represents a particular event or activity of the enterprise 6 Chapter 4 Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise

7. Chapter 4 7 Figure 4-2: Silhouette Sea Charter Files – Part 1 Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise The Charter Contract contains details of individual charters. The Customer master file contains one record for each customer. The Charter transaction file contains one record for each charter.

8. File Processing Fundamentals Database Structure: A relational database is a collection of data files that are tied together by common fields The records in each data file are distinguished from one another by key fields A key field may contain a unique value, known as a primary key value. 8 Chapter 4 Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise

9. Chapter 4 9 Figure 4-2: Silhouette Sea Charter Files – Part 2 Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise The Boat master file contains one record for each boat. The Customer master file contains one record for each customer. The Charter transaction file contains one record for each charter. The Captain master file contains one record for each captain.

10. Chapter 4 10 Figure 4-2: Silhouette Sea Charter Files – Part 3 Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise Registration # is added as a primary key to the Boat master file. CustID is added as a primary key to the Customer master file record. CharterID is added as a primary key to the Charter transaction file. SSN is added as a primary key to the Captain master file.

11. Entity Relationship Diagrams The entity-relationship diagram (ERD) presents the data model The data stores of the DFD become the entities of the ERD Entities are related to one another when they share a common field Cardinality is the term used to describe the nature of the entity relationship, which may be: –one-to-one –one-to-many –many-to-many 11 Chapter 4 Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise

12. Silhouette Sea Charter’s Initial ERD Chapter 4 12 Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise This many-to-many cardinality reflects the possibility that … A single charter may have many customers … Over time, a customer may take many charters This one-to-many cardinality reflects the possibility that, over time, a captain may be assigned to many charters This one-to-many cardinality reflects the possibility that, over time, a boat may be used for many charters Reference Figure 4-5: Illustrated ERD Symbols and Silhouette Sea Charter

13. Entity Relationship Diagrams Many-to-Many Cardinalities: Relational database software, such as Microsoft Access, cannot implement many- to-many cardinalities Silhouette considers two solutions to the many-to-many problem … both of which create new problems 13 Chapter 4 Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise

14. Figure 4-6: Silhouette Sea Charter Inefficient File Diagrams Chapter 4 14 Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise Solving the many-to-many problem this way increases data redundancy Solving the many-to-many problem this way creates a repeating group

15. Entity Relationship Diagrams Normalization: Many-to-many cardinalities should be eliminated through a process called normalization Silhouette’s ERD can be normalized by adding a new file between Charter and Customer 15 Chapter 4 Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise

16. Figure 4-7: Silhouette Sea Charter Normalized ERD Chapter 4 16 Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise To maintain the relationship between Charter and Customer, this new intersection file contains two fields: CharterID CustID

17. Three Normal Forms Chapter 4 17 Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise Formal database design theory outlines a process that ensures file efficiency, referred to as normalcy. First normal (1NF) eliminates repeating groups Second normal form (2NF) requires every field to be dependent on or determined by the key field Third normal form (3NF) requires that all of the dependencies be contained within the file TECHNOTE 4-1

18. Database Accuracy Chapter 4 18 ThinkingCritically Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise To what extent is the analyst responsible to clean up the errors that may appear in the enterprise’s existing data files before the new database can be implemented?

19. The Cornucopia Case The analysis of the current system continues with the development of the data model. The analysts start the process with the existing system file descriptions and ERD and then introduce some early modifications and improvements. Chapter 4 19 THE CORNUCOPIA CASE Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise

20. Chapter 4 20 Figure 4-8: Cornucopia Existing Entity Attributes Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise CustomerSupplierOrderInventory Attribute 1 name order numberUPC Attribute 2 addresssupp. phoneorder datetitle Attribute 3 cust. phoneSupplier phoneartist Attribute 4 UPC(1)label Attribute 5 quantity ordered (1)price Attribute 6 UPC(1) Attribute 7 quantity ordered (1) Attribute 8 UPC (1) Attribute 9 quantity ordered (1)

21. Chapter 4 21 Figure 4-9: Cornucopia Existing System ERD Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise

22. Chapter 4 22 Figure 4-10: Cornucopia Improved Entity Attributes Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise CustomerSupplierOrderOrder/ Customer Inventory Attribute 1*cust ID*supp ID*order num *UPC Attribute 2first namenameorder date*UPCtitle Attribute 3last namestreetsupp IDquan ordartist Attribute 4streetcityquan reclabel Attribute 5citystateprice Attribute 6statezip codequan in stk Attribute 7zip codephonesupp ID Attribute 8phonee-mail Attribute 9e-mailfax Attribute 10status

23. Chapter 4 23 Figure 4-11: Cornucopia Normalized ERD Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise This intersection file is required to normalize the many-to-many relationship between Order and Inventory Customer is not related to any other file in the existing system ERD

24. Chapter 4 24 Enlarge Figure 4-12: Cornucopia Data Modeling with Visible Analyst Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise

25. Portfolio Project Team Assignment 4: Data Modeling Prepare the existing system entity- relationship diagram Chapter 4 25 Portfolioproject Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise

26. Chapter Summary (1/2) Chapter 4 26 Every data element is defined, in part, by its data type Data elements are organized into data structures, the most familiar of which is the data file Data files, first identified as data stores on the DFD, form the basis of the data model Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise

27. Chapter Summary (2/2) Chapter 4 27 A database, which is usually at he heart of an information system, is a collection of related data files The detailed relationships between database files is portrayed on the entity-relationship diagram Systems Analysis and Design for the Small Enterprise

28. Figure 4-12 Enlargement Chapter 4 Systems Analysis and Design For the Small Enterprise 28 Return