2. Biology of Sex I.Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes II. Sex and the Fossil Record III. Evolution of Sex IV. Genetics of Sex V. Evolution of Sex Chromosomes VI. Sexual Selection VII. Mating Systems and Mate Choice

3. I. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes A. Domains Extremophiles 1. Domain Archaea

4. 2. Domain Bacteria Ubiquitous

5. Prokaryote Reproduction Conjugation Binary Fission

6. 3. Domain Eukarya Isogamy/ anisogamy accomplishments ? Meiosis Fertilization Sexual Reproduction

7. Benefits of Anisogamy parasite exclusion parasite exclusion organelle conflict avoidance organelle conflict avoidance

8. B. Horizontal Gene Transfer Time

9. II. Sex and the Fossil Record 3.5 BYA Cyanobacteria Stromatolites

10. II. Sex and the Fossil Record Eukaryotes Acritarchs 1.8 BYA Fossil embryos 580 MYA Aside: why is fossil record so poor as we go back in time? Grypania 2.1 BYA

11. Prokaryote to Eukaryote Endosymbiont theory Homology Microsporidia Archaea

12. III. Evolution of Sex A. Disadvantages of Sex 1. Finding a mate 2. STDs 3. Genome reduction

13. Two Fold Cost of Sex Parthenogenesis

14. A6 Patch A2 A3 A4 A5 A7 A9 A8 A10 A1 A6 1. Fitter offspring 2. Biparental care 3. Decreased sibling rivalry a. Sex as a lottery Sexual species Sexual species P: A1 X A10 F1: A1, A2, … A10 Asexual species? Asexual species? b. Tangled bank hypothesis B. Advantages of Sex

15. It is interesting to contemplate a tangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent upon each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us. These laws, taken in the largest sense, being Growth with Reproduction; Inheritance which is almost implied by reproduction; Variability from the indirect and direct action of the conditions of life and from use and disuse: a Ratio of Increase so high as to lead to a Struggle for Life, and as a consequence to Natural Selection, entailing Divergence of Character and the Extinction of less-improved forms. Darwin, C. 1859. Origin of Species

16. 4. Parasitism, Pathogenicity, and Sex Snail and worm studies Red Queen Hypothesis Red Queen Hypothesis

17. 5. Chromosomal Information

18. IV. Genetics of Sex

19. A. Landscape of the Y Y genes Y genes 78 genes 78 genes SRY gene SRY gene anti-mullerian gene anti-mullerian gene sperm production genes sperm production genes 95% ‘junk’ 95% ‘junk’ inversion region inversion region crossing over crossing over housekeeping genes housekeeping genes gene expression gene expression

20. B. Landscape of the X Disease genes Disease genes Brain genes Brain genes Gay genes? Xq28 Gay genes? Xq28 1,098 genes 1,098 genes X inactivation X inactivation

21. Single Active X Single Active X

22. V. Evolution of Sex Chromosomes Rapid evolution of X-linked genes Rapid evolution of X-linked genes

23. IV. Sexual Selection A. Introduction 1. Darwin 2. Battle of the Sexes male competition male competition female choice female choice

24. 3. Operational Sex Ratio (OSR) OSR = Sexually active males Sexually active females (estrous) OSR > 1 OSR < 1 OSR = 1 OSR ? Bonobos

26. Consequences of Investment Cassatt. Mother and Son.

27. egg sperm 1. Haploid set of chromosomes 1. Haploid set 2. X to males and females 2. X to females; Y to males3. Protection 4. Nourishment 5. Directions for early development 6. Mitochondria Mutations? Relative production? Contributions of egg and sperm Naturalistic fallacy

28. B. Types of Sexual Selection 1. Male Competition a. Male Weaponry b. Combat and Displays

29. c. Post- copulatory Male Competition

30. 2. Female choice a. Sensory Exploitation Water mites Cassowary Hangingflies b. Direct Selection Red winged blackbird

31. c. Indirect Selection Good gene hypothesis Good gene hypothesis Sexy son hypothesis Sexy son hypothesis Leks Handicap principle Sage grouse Peacock

32. Bowerbirds

33. VII. Mating Systems Monogamy Monogamy Gibbons Polygamy Polygamy Polygyny Polygyny Polyandry Polyandry Jacana Gorillas

34. Promiscuity

35. Klimt. The Kiss Naturalistic Fallacy!!!!!

36. San Francisco Study: gay sex in the seventies

37. Absolute Power

38. Proposition Studies

39. Prostitution and Pornography Prostitutes. Picasso

40. “fairing the foul with art’s false borrow’d face”

41. Comparisons

42. Hidden Ovulation

43. Cross Cultural Study Who we get? Who we get?

44. Higgamus biggamus Men are polygamous Hoggamus bogamus Women monogamous William James Hypothesis? Naturalistic Fallacy!!!!!

45. Differences

46. The end Renoir. Boating Party