1. Group-Level Research Designs
Chapter 10
Group-Level Research Designs

2. CHARACTERISTICS OF “IDEAL” EXPERIMENTS
Controlling the Time Order of Variables
Manipulating the Independent Variable
Establishing Relationships Between Variables
Controlling Rival Hypotheses
Holding Extraneous Variables Constant
Using Correlated Variation
Using Analysis of Covariance
Using a Control Group
Randomly Assigning Research Participants to Groups
Matched Pairs

3. THREATS TO INTERNAL VALIDITY
History
Maturation
Testing
Instrumentation Error
Statistical Regression
Differential Selection of Research Participants
Mortality
Reactive Effects of Research Participants
Interaction Effects
Relations Between Experimental and Control Groups
Diffusion of Treatments
Compensatory Equalization
Compensatory Rivalry
Demoralization

4. THREATS TO EXTERNAL VALIDITY
Pretest-Treatment Interaction
Selection-Treatment Interaction
Specificity of Variables
Reactive Effects
Multiple-Treatment Interference
Researcher Bias

5. GROUP RESEARCH DESIGNS
Exploratory Designs
Descriptive Designs
Explanatory Designs

6. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH DEISGNS
One-Group Posttest-Only Design
Cross-Sectional Survey Design
Multi-Group Posttest-Only Design
Longitudinal Case Study Design
Longitudinal Survey Design
Trend Studies
Cohort Studies
Panel Studies

7. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS
Randomized One-Group Posttest-Only Design
Randomized Cross-Sectional Survey Design
One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design
Comparison Group Posttest-Only Design
Comparison Group Pretest-Posttest Design
Interrupted Time-Series Design

8. EXPLANATORY RESEARCH DESIGNS
Classical Experimental Design
Randomized Posttest-Only Control Group Design