1. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 1 Prenatal Development And Birth Basic Concepts and Methods This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. http://www.ablongman.com/bee4e

2. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Original Sin Innate Goodness –Jean-Jacques Rousseau The Blank Slate –John Locke Philosophical Roots

3. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Charles Darwin –Evolution –Baby Biographies Early Scientific Theories

4. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 G. Stanley Hall –Founder of modern child development and adolescent research –Thought that developmentalists should identify norms, or average ages at which milestones happen Early Scientific Theories

5. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Arnold Gesell –Maturation Paul Baltes –Lifespan Developmental Perspectives Early Scientific Theories

6. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Physical Domain Cognitive Domain Social Domain Domains of Development

7. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Nature versus Nurture –Nature = inborn traits from genetics –Nurture = learned traits from the environment Key Issues 1

8. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Inborn Biases Internal Models of Experience The Ecological Approach Key Issues 2

9. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Patterson’s Study on the Origins of Delinquency

10. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Vulnerability versus Resilience –Vulnerabilities and protective factors interact with the child’s environment. –The same environment can have quite different effects. –The effect depends on the qualities the child brings to the interaction. –Resilient children gain support from more optimal environments. The Interactionist Model

11. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Continuity –Quantitative change (a change in amount) Discontinuity –Development involves reorganization, –Emergence of wholly new strategies, qualities, or skills (qualitative change) –Stage theories Continuity versus Discontinuity

12. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Group Specific Change –Cultural context –Historical context Individual Differences Key Issues 3

13. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Theories – Sets of statements that propose general principles of development Hypothesis –An educated guess that is testable by data collection Research Designs and Methods

14. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Questions To Ponder Now that you have heard the issues, which is more important in understanding development – nature issues or nurture issues? Why? What part of the life span interests you the most? What issues would you like to learn about the most?

15. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Cross-Sectional Designs –Cross-sectional research is very useful because it is relatively quick to do. –It can give indications of possible age differences or age changes. –Cohort – age-related differences due to grouping by age Studying Age-Related Changes

16. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Figure 1.2

17. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Longitudinal Designs –Follow the same individuals over a period of time –Observe individual consistencies and inconsistencies –One problem – practice effects on testing Studying Age-Related Changes

18. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Berkeley and Oakland Growth Longitudinal Study Figure 1.3

19. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Sequential Designs –Allow for comparison of cohorts while incorporating some degree of individual differences Studying Age-Related Changes

20. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 A Sequential Study of Memory Function Figure 1.4

21. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Case Studies –In-depth examinations of single individuals –Extremely useful in making decisions about individuals –Frequently the basis of important hypotheses about unusual developmental events Identifying Relationships between Variables

22. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Naturalistic Observations –Observe people in their normal environments –Observer bias –Have limited generalizability Naturalistic Observations –Observe people in their normal environments –Observer bias –Have limited generalizability Identifying Relationships between Variables

23. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Correlations –Range from -1.00 to +1.00 –Describe the strength of the relationship between two variables Positive correlation –High scores on one variable are usually accompanied by high scores on the other Negative correlation –Two variables that move in opposite directions Identifying Relationships between Variables

24. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 They do not reveal causal relationships. That is, one variable does not cause another to occur. Limits of Correlations

25. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 A research method for testing a causal hypothesis Random assignment –Experimental group –Control group Experiments

26. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Independent variable Dependent variable Quasi-experiments Experiments

27. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Cross-Cultural Research –Ethnography – extensive study of one culture –Direct comparison of two or more cultures Research Designs and Methods

28. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 Protection of animal rights and human subjects –Protection from Harm –Informed Consent –Confidentiality –Knowledge of Results –Deception Research Ethics

29. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2006 1 Prenatal Development And Birth End Show This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.