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C Language Summary HTML version
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I/O Data Types Expressions Functions Loops and Decisions Preprocessor Statements
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0. I/O: Output printf( “ format_list ”, var_list ); All formats are of the form: %w.px%w.px where w.p is optional and can be *.* (value given by next 2 arguments ). w field width p the precision x d (integer), f (decimal ), e (e-format), g (g-format), s (string), c (character) …
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0. I/O: Input scanf( “ format_list ”, pointer_list ); Notes: &var is a pointer pointing to the variable var. Separators can be specified in the format_list. e.g., “%d:%d” expects input of 2 integers separated by an :. A string variable is already a pointer so that no preceding & is needed.
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0. I/O: fopen #include stdio.h /* for the fopen() */ #include stdlib.h /* for the exit() */ int main( int argc, char* argv[] ) { FILE *in_file, *fopen( ); in_file fopen( “file_name”, ”w+” );/* in_file is the file handle */ if ( in_file NULL ) { printf( “ Can’t open file. \n” ); exit(1);/* program is terminated with exit code equal to 1 */ } fprintf( in_file, "Hello World!\n"); return 0; }
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0. I/O: rewind fclose fprintf scanf rewind( in_file ); fclose( in_file ); fprintf( out_file, “ format_list ”, var_list ); Note: printf is fprintf with out_file stdout. fscanf( in_file, “ format_list ”, var_list ); Note: scanf is fscanf with in_file stdin IO.c
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1. Data Types: Basic Data Types Declaration & initialization ( can be placed anywhere ): type var1 initial_value1, …, varN initial_valueN; Assignment: var1 var2 … value;
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TypeModifiers intshort, long, unsigned floatlong (double) charunsigned void Basic Data Types
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Derived Data Types: Arrays Declaration & initialization: type var[n] { var[0], …, var[n-1] }; /* RHS is the initial value of the array */ char cvar[ ] “String”; type var[n][m] { { var[0][0], …, var[0][m-1] }, …, { var[n-1][0], …, var[n-1][m-1] } };
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Structures Definition & declaration: struct structure_name { member1_declaration; … memberN_declaration; } var_list;
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Declaration: struct structure_name var_list; Definition, declaration & initialization: struct structure_name { member1_declaration; … memberN_declaration; } var { member1 value1, …, memberN valueN };
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Unions Every member of a union shares the same memory space. Definition & declaration: union union_name { member1_declaration; … memberN_declaration; } var_list; Declaration: union union _name var_list;
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Pointers Definition: type *pointer_name; /* The ‘*’ denotes a pointer variable */ Example: struct struct_name ( *fn_pointer ) ( ) ; declares fn_pointer to be a pointer to a function that returns a struct_name structure.
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Enumerated Data Types Definition & declaration: enum enum_name { enum_1, …, enum_N } var_list; Declaration: enum enum _name var_list;
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typedef typedef assigns a new name to a datatype. Example: typedef struct { member1_declaration; … memberN_declaration; } struct_name; struct_name var; /* This declares var to be a struct_name structure. */
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