1. Spitzer - infrared Previous images of the Ring Nebula taken by visible-light telescopes usually showed just the inner glowing loop of gas around the star. The outer regions are especially prominent in this new image because Spitzer sees the infrared light from hydrogen molecules. The molecules emit infrared light because they have absorbed ultraviolet radiation from the star or have been heated by the wind from the star.

2. Where dark lanes of dust are visible trisecting the nebula in the visible-light picture, bright regions of star-forming activity are seen in the Spitzer pictures.

3. Blobs (left) are intensely glowing clouds of hot hydrogen gas that envelop faraway galaxies. They are about 10 times as large as the galaxies they surround. Spitzer was able to see the dusty galaxies tucked inside one well- known blob located 11 billion light-years away. The findings reveal three monstrously bright galaxies, trillions of times brighter than the Sun, in the process of merging together (right).

5. Chandra reveals the hottest gas [colored blue and colored green], which radiates in X- rays. The blue color represents the higher-energy gas; the green, the lower-energy gas. Hubble shows the brightest, densest gas [colored yellow], which appears in visible light. Spitzer unveils heated dust [colored red], which radiates in infrared light.

6. שיעור 7 n פלזמה

10. יונון

11. מילות מפתח תכונות קבוצתיות גלים אי-יציבויות אי-ליניאריות אינטרקציה עם שדה מגנטי

12. תכונות קבוצתיות מיסוך דיבאי תנודות

13. פלסמה כנוזל מוליך MHD צפיפות מהירות לחץ

14. (M)HD

15. כוחות נוספים כבידה כוח מגנטי כוח חשמלי

16. ה”דבק” - שדה אלקטרומגנטי

17. קירובים

18. MHD= HD+ מה חסר ? מ

19. משוואת המצב חוק אום

20. דיפוזיה של שדה מגנטי קווי שדה מוקפאים

21. MHD waves sound Alfven