1. The Water-Soluble Vitamins
B Vitamins
and
Vitamin C
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2. The Vitamins
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3. The B Vitamins Chief Functions - important as coenzymes
- Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin,
pantothenic acid & biotin
involved in energy metabolism
- Vitamin B-6 involved in protein
metabolism
- Folate & Vitamin B-12 involved
in cell replication
- Therapeutic doses of niacin
lower cholesterol

4. The B Vitamins Coenzymes
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5. Thiamin Other names: Vitamin B1 Chief functions in the body 1998 RDA
Part of coenzyme TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate) used in energy metabolism
1998 RDA
men: 1.2 mg/day
women: 1.1 mg/day
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6. Thiamin Sources -Whole grain, fortified, or enriched grain products
-Moderate amounts in all nutritious food
-Pork
-Easily destroyed by heat
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7. Thiamin Deficiency disease Beriberi Wet, with edema
Dry, with muscle wasting
problem in SE Asia
where diet is high in polished rice
Deficiency symptoms
Enlarged heart, cardiac failure
Muscular weakness
Apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion, irritability
Anorexia, weight loss
Toxicity symptoms: none reported
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8. Riboflavin Other names: Vitamin B2 1998 RDA
Men: 1.3 mg/day
Women: 1.1 mg/day
Chief functions in the body
Part of coenzymes FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) used in energy metabolism.
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9. Riboflavin Sources (yogurt, cheese) -Enriched or whole grains -Liver
-Milk products
(yogurt, cheese)
-Enriched or whole
grains
-Liver
-Easily destroyed
by ultraviolet light
and irradiation
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10. Riboflavin Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms: none reported
Inflamed eyelids and sensitivity to light, reddening of cornea
Sore throat
Cracks and redness at corners of mouth
Painful, smooth, purplish red tongue
Inflammation characterized by skin lesions covered with greasy scales
Toxicity symptoms: none reported
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11. Niacin Other names Precursor: dietary tryptophan
Nicotinic acid
Nicotinamide
Niacinamide
Vitamin B3
Precursor: dietary tryptophan
Chief functions in the body
Part of coenzymes NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (its phosphate form) used in energy metabolism
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12. Niacin 1998 RDA Upper level for adults: 35 mg/day Men: 16 mg NE/day
Women: 14 mg NE/day
Upper level for adults:
35 mg/day

13. Niacin Sources Milk, eggs, meat, poultry, fish
Whole-grain and enriched breads and cereals
Nuts
All protein-containing foods
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14. Niacin Deficiency disease: pellagra
Widespread in south before 1920 where diet is high in corn & low in protein
Deficiency symptoms
Diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting
Inflamed, swollen, smooth, bright red tongue
Depression, apathy, fatigue, loss of memory, headache
Bilateral symmetrical rash on areas exposed to sunlight
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15. Niacin Toxicity symptoms
Painful flush, burning, tingling sensation, hives, and rash (“niacin flush”)
Excessive sweating
Blurred vision
Liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance
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16. Biotin 1998 adequate intake (AI) Chief functions in the body
Adults: 30 g/day
Chief functions in the body
Part of a coenzyme used in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and glycogen synthesis
Significant sources
Widespread in foods
Organ meats, egg yolks, soybeans, fish, whole grains
Also produced by GI bacteria
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17. Biotin Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms: none reported
Depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numb or tingling sensation in the arms and legs
Red, scaly rash around the eyes, nose, and mouth
Hair loss
Toxicity symptoms: none reported
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18. Pantothenic Acid 1998 adequate intake (AI) Chief functions in the body
Adults: 5 mg/day
Chief functions in the body
Part of coenzyme A, used in energy metabolism
Significant sources
Widespread in foods
Organ meats, mushrooms, avocados, broccoli, whole grains
Easily destroyed by food processing
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19. Pantothenic Acid Deficiency symptoms Toxicity symptoms: none reported
Vomiting, nausea, stomach cramps
Insomnia, fatigue, depression, irritability, restlessness, apathy
Hypoglycemia, increased sensitivity to insulin
Toxicity symptoms: none reported
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20. Vitamin B6 Other names Chief functions in the body Pyridoxine
Pyridoxal
Pyridoxamine
Chief functions in the body
Part of coenzymes PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) and PMP (pyridoxamine phosphate) used in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism
Helps to convert tryptophan to niacin and to serotonin
Helps to make red blood cells
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21. Vitamin B6 1998 RDA Adults (19-50 years): 1.3 mg/day
Upper level for adults:
100 mg/day
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22. Vitamin B6 Sources Potatoes, legumes, noncitrus fruits
Fortified cereals
Liver
Soy products
Meats, fish, poultry
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23. Vitamin B6 Deficiency symptoms Scaly dermatitis
Anemia (small-cell type)
Depression, confusion, abnormal brain wave pattern, convulsions
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24. Vitamin B6 Toxicity symptoms
Depression, fatigue, irritability, headaches
Nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness leading to an inability to walk and convulsions (progressive sensory ataxia)
Skin lesions
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25. Folate Other names Chief functions in the body Folic acid Folacin
Pteroylglutamic acid (PGA)
Chief functions in the body
Part of coenzymes THF (tetrahydrofolate) and DHF (dihydrofolate) used in DNA synthesis and therefore important in new cell formation
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26. Folate
1998 RDA
Adults: 400 g/day
Upper level for adults:
1000 g/day

27. Folate Sources Fortified grains Leafy green vegetables, legumes, seeds
Liver
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28. Folate Deficiency symptoms Anemia (macrocytic or large-cell type)
Smooth, red tongue
Mental confusion, weakness, fatigue, irritability, headache
Toxicity symptoms
Masks vitamin B12-deficiency symptoms (nerve damage)
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29. Folate
Protective effect
Heart Disease
Cancer
Spina bifida

30. Folate Neural tube defects in pregnancy Spina bifida
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31. Vitamin B12 Other names: cobalamin (and related forms)
Chief functions in the body
Part of coenzymes methylcobalamin and deoxyadenosylcobalamin used in new cell synthesis
Helps to maintain nerve cells
Reforms folate coenzyme
Helps to break down some fatty acids and amino acids
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32. Vitamin B12 1998 RDA Adults: 2.4 g/day Absorption HCl Pepsin
Intrinsic factor
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33. Vitamin B12 Significant sources
Animal products (meat, fish, poultry, shellfish, milk, cheese, eggs)
Fortified cereals
Easily destroyed by microwave cooking
Deficiency due to vegan diet or
lack of intrinsic factor
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34. Vitamin B12 Deficiency disease: pernicious anemia Deficiency symptoms
Anemia (large-cell type)
Fatigue, degeneration of peripheral nerves progressing to paralysis
Toxicity symptoms: none reported
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35. Vitamin B12 Deficiency of folate or B12 produces pernicious anemia
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36. Vitamin C Other name: ascorbic acid Chief functions in the body
Collagen synthesis
Strengthens blood vessel walls, forms scar tissue, provides matrix for bone growth
Antioxidant
Thyroxin synthesis
Amino acid metabolism
Strengthens resistance to infection
Helps in absorption of iron
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37. Vitamin C 2000 RDA Upper level for adults: 2000 mg/day
Men: 90 mg/day
Women: 75 mg/day
Smokers: + 35 mg/day
Upper level for adults: 2000 mg/day
Needs increase with
infection, burns, surgery & smokers
Easily destroyed by heat and oxygen
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38. Vitamin C Sources Citrus fruits
Cabbage-type vegetables, dark green vegetables (such as bell peppers and broccoli)
Cantaloupe, strawberries
Lettuce, tomatoes, potatoes
Papayas, mangoes
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39. Vitamin C Deficiency disease: scurvy Deficiency symptoms
Anemia (small-cell type)
Atherosclerotic plaques
Pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin, bone fragility, joint pain
Poor wound healing, frequent infections, bleeding gums, loosened teeth
Muscle degeneration and pain, hysteria, depression, rough skin, blotchy bruises
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40. Vitamin C Toxicity symptoms - >2 gms/day
Nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea
Headache, fatigue, insomnia
Hot flashes, rashes
Interference with medical tests (false-negative urine glucose test), aggravation of gout symptoms, urinary tract problems, kidney stones (oxalate)
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41. Vitamin And Mineral Supplements
Who needs supplements?
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42. Vitamin And Mineral Supplements
Arguments for supplements
Correct overt deficiencies
Improve nutrition status
Reduce disease risks
Support increased nutrient needs
Improve the body’s defenses
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43. Vitamin And Mineral Supplements
Arguments against supplements
Toxicity
Life-threatening misinformation
Unknown needs
False sense of security
Other invalid reasons
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44. Vitamin Supplements
1. Healthy people who eat healthy diets do not require supplements
2. Many B vitamins are lost when grains are refined but some added back (enrichment or fortification); now deficiency usually only occurs due to poverty, illness, alcohol abuse
3. Toxicities – usually results from
misuse of supplements

45. Vitamin Supplements 4. Unless a specific nutritional problem
exists, a single, balanced multi-vitamin/mineral preparation that provides 100% Daily Value should suffice
5. The only disease a vitamin will cure is the one caused by a deficiency of that vitamin

46. Vitamin Supplements Some individuals who may benefit:
1. Low energy intake
2. Illness/injury
3. Absorption problems
4. Certain medications
5. Strict vegetarian
6. Pregnant/lactating
7. Newborn & breastfed infants

47. Vitamin And Mineral Supplements
Regulation of supplements
Selection of
supplements
-Form
-Contents
-Misleading
claims
-Cost
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