1. Department of Criminal Justice California State University - Bakersfield CRJU 477 Terrorism Dr. Abu-Lughod, Reem Ali Future of Terrorism

2. Future of Terrorism: New Threats n Will it change? n Intolerance and resentment n Different types of T remain alive in society today n “one person’s T is another person’s freedom fighter”

3. Terrorist Environments in the 21 st Century n State sponsored n Dissident T n Religious n Ideological T n Criminal Dissident T

4. Future Sources of T n The Middle East e.g. Rafik Hariri of Lebanon n Palestine and Israel. The intifadah, establishment of the State of Israel n Latin America: Colombia and narcotraficantes n Europe: Madrid 2004, London July 7, 2005 n Africa: Ethno-national communal conflict n Asia: New People’s Army (NPA), Marxist guerilla group in Philippines. Overthrowing government

5. High-Tech T n Information technology n Cyber-terrorism n Weapons of Mass destruction

6. Exotic Technologies: n Electromagnetic Pulse Technologies (EMT): disable microchips and military information n Plastics: thwart detection from metal detection n Liquid Metal Embrittlement: chemicals theoretically weakening metals when applied

7. CONTROLLING T: NEW CHALLENGES n Deterring Ts n Government responses: peaces processes, social reforms, negotiations n Societal responses: ideological changes, multicultural changes and diversity in America n The “melting pot” in America

8. New Fronts in a New War n Covert “shadow wars”: deployment of military n Domestic (Homeland) security measures n Counterterrorist Financial Operations n Global Surveillance of Communication Technologies n Identifying and Disrupting Transnational T Cells and Support Networks “connect the dots”

9. The Use of Force as Deterrence n General Deterrence n Specific Deterrence

10. CONCLUDING REMARKS n Fighting the enemy? n The innocent and collateral damages inflicted n Ideologies n Preparedness to future threats n The change in foreign policy n Impact on society and social change