1. Simulating the spectrum of the water dimer in the far infrared and visible Ross E. A. Kelly, Matt J. Barber, Jonathan Tennyson Department of Physics and Astronomy University College London Thanks to: Gerrit C. Groenenboom, Ad van der Avoird Theoretical Chemistry Institute for Molecules and Materials Radboud University CAVIAR Consortium UCL Meeting 13 th May 2010

2. Improved Water Dimer Characteristics Monomer corrected HBB potential Corrects for monomer excitation R.E.A. Kelly, J. Tennyson, G C. Groenenboom, A. Van der Avoird, JQRST, 111, 1043 (2010).

3. Water Dimer Characteristics Lowest Vibration-Rotation Tunnelling (VRT) states: good test for a water dimer potentialLowest Vibration-Rotation Tunnelling (VRT) states: good test for a water dimer potential –Rigid monomer Hamiltonian Compare with 5 K Tetrahertz Spectra.Compare with 5 K Tetrahertz Spectra. G. Brocks et al. Mol. Phys. 50, 1025 (1983).

4. Water Dimer VRT Levels In cm -1 Red – ab initio potential Black – experimental GS – ground state DT – donor torsion AW – acceptor wag AT – acceptor twist DT2 – donor torsion overtone R.E.A. Kelly, J. Tennyson, G C. Groenenboom, A. Van der Avoird, JQRST, 111, 1043 (2010).

5. Model for high frequency absorption Approximate separation between monomer and dimer modes Assume monomers provide chromophores Franck-Condon approximation for vibrational fine structure Rotational band model (so far)

6. Adiabatic Separation  Adiabatic Separation of vibrational Modes  Separate intermolecular and intramolecular modes.  m 1 = water monomer 1 vibrational wavefunction  m 2 = water monomer 2 vibrational wavefunction  d = dimer VRT wavefunction

7. Allowed Transitions in our Model 1. Acceptor 2. Donor All transitions from ground monomer vibrational states Assume excitation localised on one monomer

8. Franck-Condon Approx for overtone spectra Assume monomer m 1 excited, m 2 frozen m 2 i = m 2 f I 

9. (2) Franck-Condon factor (square of overlap integral): Gives dimer vibrational fine structure (1) Monomer vibrational band Intensity Franck-Condon Approx for overtone spectra

10. Calculating dimer spectra with FC approach Vibrationally average potential on parallel machine (large jobs!) Create Monomer band origins in the dimer (with DVR3D) Create G4 symmetry Hamiltonian blocks Solve eigenproblems Obtain energies and wavefunctions Create dot products between eigenvectors to get FC factors Combine with Band intensities Simulate spectra

11. Franck-Condon factors –Overlap between dimer states on adiabatic potential energy surfaces for water monomer initial and final states –Need the dimer states (based on this model).

12. Adiabatic Surfaces 1. Acceptor bend 2. Donor bend 1597.51608.2 1594.8 Monomer well

13. Outline of full problem Need to ultimately solve (6D problem) H=K+V eff V eff sampled on a 6D grid Calculate states for donor Calculate states for acceptor Vibrationally average potential for each state- state combination –Really only |0j> and |i0>

14. Need effective 6D PES, dependent on monomer state Averaging Technique

15. (a) 6D averaging: (b) 3D+3D averaging: C Leforestier et al, J Chem Phys, 117, 8710 (2002) Averaging Technique

16. Vibrational Averaging: 6D Energies up to 16,000 cm -1 sufficient. Computation: –typical number of DVR points with different Morse Parameters: –{9,9,24} gives 1,080 points for monomer –1,080 2 = 1,166,400 points for both monomers –1,166,400 x 2,894,301 intermolecular points = 3,374,862,926,400 points Same monomer wavefunctions for all grid points Distributed computing: Condor 1000 computers, 10 days

17. Problems with Fixed Wavefunction approach (6D method) Donor bend

18. Problems with Fixed Wavefunction approach (6D method) (Donor) Free OH stretch (Donor) Bound OH stretch

19. Problems with Fixed Wavefunction approach (6D method) (Donor) Free OH stretch (Donor) Bound OH stretch

20. Vibrational Averaging: 3D+3D Energies up to 16,000 cm -1 sufficient. Computation “reduced” –typical number of DVR points with different Morse Parameters: –{9,9,24} gives 1,080 points for monomer –2 x 1,080 = 2 160 points for both monomers –2 160 x 2,894,301 intermolecular points = ‘only’ 624 890 160 points But requires monomer wavefunctions at each r Parallel computing: Legion 60 computers, 16 days

21. Allowed Permutations with excited monomers 1 1 5 5 2 2 66 4 4 3 3 G16 Symmetry of Hamiltonian for GS monomers –> replaced with G4 Dimer program modified: Hamiltonian in G4 symmetry blocks Separate eigensolver to obtain energy levels and dimer wavefunctions

22. Donor and Acceptor Bend FC factors Dimer VRTGround State G4 symmetry so each dimer state has 4 similar transitions but with different energy

23. Full Vibrational Stick Spectra (low T ~100K?) Strongest absorption on bend – difficult to distinguish from monomer features More structure between 6000-9000 cm -1

24. Conclusions Preliminary spectra for up to 10,000 cm -1 produced. –Band profile comparisons show some encouraging signs.. –Effects of the sampling of the potential being investigated. New averaging job (3D+3D) running for input for spectra up to 16,000 cm -1. Need all states up to dissociation –Only 8 states per symmetry here –It is a challenge for a much higher number of states