1. Schizophrenia

2. Schizophrenia Psychosis involves loss of contact with reality, symptoms include: 1) Disorganized and deluded thinking 2) Disturbed perceptions (hallucinations) 3) Inappropriate emotions and actions

3. Delusions: false beliefs not based on reality Hallucinations: perceptions in the absence of sensory stimulation, often hearing non existent voices Schizophrenia

4.  Positive symptoms: talk is disorganized and deluded, emotional expression (e.g., laughter, tears, or rage) is often inappropriate  Negative symptoms: toneless voices, expressionless faces (flat affect), or mute and rigid bodies Schizophrenia

5. Schizophrenia  Chronic (process) develops gradually  Acute (reactive) develops rapidly in response to particular life stresses

6. Schizophrenia Biological observations include:  Increased receptors for dopamine  Frontal lobe underactivity  Enlarged ventricles (less cerebral tissue) Biological causes implicate:  Genetic predisposition  Mid-pregnancy viral infection of the fetus

7. Genetic Risk  General: 1%  Siblings: 8%  Fraternal Twins 18%  Identical Twins 48%  Parent 13%  Both parents 45%

8. Schizophrenia  Relapse frequency is related to stress and to double-bind situations.  Treatment:  Drugs that decrease dopamine (chlorpromazine, clozapine)  Skills training, family support  Tardive dyskenisia can be a side effect of chlorpromazine