1. Patient:
A 20-year-old college student came to the PHCU complaining of dysuria for the past several days. She also noted urgency, frequency, vaginal discharge, and low back discomfort.

2. UTI
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3. The pathogenic track to urinary tract

4. UTI
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5. UTI
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6. UTI
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7. UTI
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8. UTI
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9. UTI
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10. Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)

11. Objectives: You students will be able to
Get a detailed history and associated symptoms
Get the DD depending on physical findings and proper diagnostic approach
Recognize and treat UTI

12. Dysuria The pain is burning in nature.
Difficult or painful urination. It is usually associated urgency and frequency of urination if due to “cystitis” or “urethritis”.
The pain is burning in nature.
(Oxford Medical Dictionary, 2003, p 213)

13. Urinary tract infections
Asymptomatic bacteriuria
Acute cystitis
Acute pyelonephritis
Uncomplicated / complicated UTI

14. Epidemiology of UTI
UTI is more common in females. (1-2% of young non-pregnant women)
40% of females will have asymptomatic UTI in their life time.
In men: prevalence is 0.04%.
Incidence of UTI increases in old age (10% of men & 20% of women)

15. Risk factors for UTI
in females: pregnancy, spermicidal contraceptives, diaphragm, estrogen deficiency, diabetes.
In males: lack of circumcision, prostatic hypertrophy, use of condom catheter.
in both : old age , obstruction, vesicoureteric reflux, instrumentation, neurogenic bladder, renal transplantation.

16. Infecting organisms
E.coli Proteus Klebsiella Pseudomonas Enterobacter Enterococci Staphylococci Candida

17. - uroepithelial defenses
Pathogenesis of UTI
Host defenses:
Urinary bladder is usually resistant to bacterial colonization.
Bacteria accessing the bladder are eliminated by: flushing mechanism urine inhibitors
- uroepithelial defenses

18. Pathogenesis of UTI Organism features:
Most E.coli causing UTI belong to O,K and H serotypes.
Uropathogenic E.coli virulence factors: - Have fimbria (for adherence). - Secrete hemolysin & aerobactin. - Resist serum bacterial action. - Have higher K capsular antigen.
Adherence is important in other bacteria.

19. Pathogenesis of UTI
Periutheral area & urethra are colonised by bacteria.
Bacteria enter bladder in susceptable host.
Adherence properties enable pathogens to colonise bladder.
Pathogens attach to uroepithelial mucosa  secretion of cytokines  recruitment of PMNs  inflammation.
Pathogens may ascend through ureter to kidney  pyelonephritis.

20. Clinical presentation of UTI
Asymptomatic bacteriuria:
Common in females & elderly.
25% develop symptomatic UTI .
25% clear spontaneously.
Spontaneous cure & reinfection are common.
Cystitis:
Frequency, dysurea , urgency.
Suprapubic discomfort +/- tenderness.
Fever is often absent.

21. Clinical presentation of UTI
Acute pyelonephritis:
Fever, abdominal pain, vomiting.
Dysuria ,frequency, flank or loin pain.
Flank or loin tenderness.
In elderly: symptoms are often atypical.
Bacteremia is common.

22. UTI
Urinanalysis

23. Acute pyelonephritis

24. Acute pyelonephritis

25. Acute pyelonephritis

26. Special situations

27. Special situations UTI in pregnancy:
Asymptomatic bacteriuria occurs in 4-8%.
Of these: 25% develop acute pyelonephritis.
Pyelonephritis in pregnancy predisposes to:
- premature delivery low birth weight infant increased newborn mortality.

28. Special situations Catheter associated UTI :
Bacteriuria occurs in 10-15% of cathed pts.
All chronicly cathed pts. develop bacteriuria.
Organisms: E.coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Serratia Pseudomonas, Enterococci, Candida.
Antibiotic resistance is common.
Symptoms are often absent or minimal.
Intermittent cathing reduces infections.

29. Diagnosis of UTI Urine dipstick: - leukocyte esterase - nitrite
Urine microscopy: WBCs, WBC casts, RBCs - Bacteria ( 1 bact/hpf = significant )
hpf=high power field

30. Diagnosis of UTI Urine culture: Significant bacteriuria= 100K cfu/ml
symptoms: 1 +ve cuture = infection
Symptoms: 10K cfu/ml = propable infection
Asymptomatic: 2 +ve cultures = infection
False negative : antibiotics, antiseptics, urethral syndrome,TB kidney, diuresis.

31. Natural history of UTI
Treatment of uncomplicated UTI leads to complete resolution and cure.
Recurrences occur in some patients usually within 2-3 monthes of initial infection.
Frequent recurrences usually occur in clusters followed by long remissions.
Recurrent uncomplicated UTI does not lead to chronic renal impairment or failure.
Recurrent complicated UTI may lead to renal failure.
UTI may accelerate progression of underlying renal disease.

32. Treatment of UTI Acute pyelonephritis:
Mild infections are treated orally. (fluoroquinolones,co-trimoxazole,cefuroxime)
Moderate - severe infections – parenteral trt. (aminoglycosides,ceftriaxone,aztreonam,tazocin)
Therapymarked decline in bact.count after 48hrs.
Persistant fever, +ve blood culture after 3 days of therapy..R/O obstruction, abscess.
After defervescence..change to oral therapy to complete 2 weeks.
In males look for a predisposing cause.
FU urine cultures 2 weeks after end of therapy.

33. Treatment of UTI Cystitis:
young females: 3 days of oral therapy (fluoroquinolone,cotrimoxazole,cefuroxime,augmentin)
In females: symptoms x 7 days or history of previous infection  7 days therapy.
In males : oral therapy for 7-10 days.

34. Treatment of UTI Asymptomatic bacteriuria
No urgency to treat – confirm by 2 cultures.
Treatment is indicated in : Pregnancy Children with VU reflux Urinary obstruction
Treatment is not indicated in : - Young nonpregnant women without structural abnormalities - Elderly patients

35. Structural abnormalities should be corrected

36. Treatment of UTI Relapse of infection:
Relapse may be due to : renal invovement structural abnormalities chronic bacterial prostatitis
Relapses need to be treated for 2 weeks.
Obstuction should be corrected .
If uncorrectable obstruction: treatment is prolonged for 4-6 weeks or as required.
The latter group needs FU by monthly cultures and annual assessment of kidneys.
In males R/O chronic prostatitis.

37. Treatment of UTI Recurrent UTI:
Infrequent symptomatic UTI : treat attacks.
In females, reinfections may be related to sexual activity – attacks may be reduced by: - avioding use of spermicidal contraceptives - voiding after intercourse post coital single dose therapy
If no precipitating factors – long term prophylaxis.
Long term prophylaxis is also indicated for frequent asymptomatic infection in: Children with VU reflux
- Patients with obtructive uropathy

38. What is the prognosis ?

39. Objectives: You students will be able to
Get a detailed history and associated symptoms
Get the DD depending on physical findings and proper diagnostic approach
Recognize and treat UTI