1. Lecture 41 The AM Radio

2. Lecture 42 The AM Radio Understanding the AM radio requires knowledge of several EE subdisciplines: –Communications/signal processing (frequency domain analysis) –Electromagnetics (antennas, high-frequency circuits) –Power (batteries, power supplies) –Solid state (miniaturization, low-power electronics)

3. Lecture 43 The AM Radio “System” TransmitterReceiver

4. Lecture 44 Signal The radio system can be understood in terms of its effect on signals. A signal is a quantity that may vary with time. –Voltage or current in a circuit –Sound (pressure wave traveling through air) –Light or radio waves (electromagnetic energy traveling through free space)

5. Lecture 45 Frequency The analysis and design of AM radios (and communication systems in general) is usually conducted in the frequency domain using Fourier analysis. Fourier analysis allows us to represent signals as combinations of sinusoids (sines and cosines).

6. Lecture 46 Frequency Frequency is the rate at which a signal oscillates. High FrequencyLow Frequency

7. Lecture 47 Electromagnetic Waves Visible light is electromagnetic energy with frequency between 380THz (Terahertz) and 860THz. –Our visual system perceives the frequency of the electromagnetic energy as color. –Red is 460THz, green is 570THz, and blue is 630THz. An AM radio signal has a frequency of between 500kHz and 1.8MHz. FM radio and TV uses different frequencies.

8. Lecture 48 Sound Waves Sound is a pressure wave in a transmission medium such as air or water. We perceive the frequency of the wave as the “pitch” of the sound. A single frequency sound sounds like a clear whistle. Noise (static) is sound with many frequencies.

9. Lecture 49 Fourier Analysis Mathematical analysis of signals in terms of frequency Most commonly encountered signals can be represented as a Fourier series or a Fourier transform. A Fourier series is a weighted sum of cosines and sines.

10. Lecture 410 Example-Fourier Series Square wave Fourier Series representation of the square wave

11. Lecture 411 Fourier Series Example (Cont.) One term Five terms

12. Lecture 412 Frequency-Summary Signals can be represented in terms of their frequency components. The AM transmitter and receiver are analyzed in terms of their effects on the frequency components signals.

13. Lecture 413 AM Transmitter Each AM station is allocated a frequency band of 10kHz in which to transmit its signal. This frequency band is centered around the carrier frequency of the station –A station at 610 on your dial transmits at a carrier frequency of 610kHz –The signal that is broadcast occupies the frequency range from 605kHz to 615kHz

14. Lecture 414 AM Transmitter Transmitter input (signal source) is an audio signal. –Speech, music, advertisements The input is modulated to the proper carrier frequency. Modulated signal is amplified and broadcast

15. Lecture 415 Transmitter Block Diagram Signal Source Modulator Power Amplifier Antenna

16. Lecture 416 Modulator The modulator converts the frequency of the input signal from the audio range (0-5kHz) to the carrier frequency of the station (i.e.. 605kHz-615kHz) frequency5kHz Frequency domain representation of input Frequency domain representation of output frequency610kHz

17. Lecture 417 Modulator-Time Domain Input Signal Output Signal

18. Lecture 418 Power Amplifier A typical AM station broadcasts several kW –Up to 50kW-Class I or class II stations –Up to 5kW-Class III station –Up to 1kW-Class IV station Typical modulator circuit can provide at most a few mW Power amplifier takes modulator output and increases its magnitude

19. Lecture 419 Antenna The antenna converts a current or a voltage signal to an electromagnetic signal which is radiated throughout space.

20. Lecture 420 AM Receiver The AM receiver receives the signal from the desired AM station as well a signals from other AM stations, FM and TV stations, cellular phones, and any other source of electromagnetic radiation. The signal at the receiver antenna is the sum of all of these signals (superposition). The AM receiver separates the desired signal from all other received signals using its frequency characteristics.

21. Lecture 421 AM Receiver We present a superhetrodyne receiver-this is the type used in most modern radio and TV receivers. The desired signal is first translated to an Intermediate Frequency (IF). The desired signal is then recovered by a demodulator.

22. Lecture 422 Receiver Block Diagram RF Amplifier IF Mixer IF Amplifier Envelope Detector Audio Amplifier Antenna Speaker

23. Lecture 423 Antenna The antenna captures electromagnetic energy-its output is a small voltage or current. In the frequency domain, the antenna output is 0 frequency Undesired Signals Desired Signal Carrier Frequency of desired station

24. Lecture 424 RF Amplifier RF stands for radio frequency. RF Amplifier amplifies small signals from the antenna to voltage levels appropriate for transistor circuits. RF Amplifier also performs a bandpass filter operation on the signal –Bandpass filter attenuates the frequency components outside the frequency band containing the desired station

25. Lecture 425 RF Amplifier-Frequency Domain Frequencies outside the desired frequency band are attenuated Frequency domain representation of the output: 0 frequency Undesired Signals Desired Signal Carrier Frequency of desired station

26. Lecture 426 IF Mixer The IF Mixer shifts its input in the frequency domain from the carrier frequency to an intermediate frequency of 455kHz: IF Mixer 0 frequency Undesired Signals Desired Signal 455 kHz

27. Lecture 427 The IF amplifier bandpass filters the output of the IF Mixer, eliminating essentially all of the undesired signals. IF Amplifier 0 frequency Desired Signal 455 kHz

28. Lecture 428 Envelope Detector Computes the envelope of its input signal

29. Lecture 429 Audio Amplifier Amplifies signal from envelope detector Provides power to drive the speaker

30. Lecture 430 Hierarchical System Models Hierarchical modeling is modeling at different levels of abstraction We can “divide and conquer” Higher levels of the model describe overall function of the system Lower levels of the model describe detail necessary to implement the system

31. Lecture 431 Systems in EE In EE, a system is an electrical and/or mechanical device, a process, or a mathematical model that relates one or more inputs to one or more outputs. In the AM receiver, the input is the antenna voltage and the output is the sound energy produced by the speaker. System InputsOutputs

32. Lecture 432 Top Level Model AM ReceiverInput SignalSound

33. Lecture 433 Second Level Model RF Amplifier IF Mixer IF Amplifier Envelope Detector Audio Amplifier Antenna Speaker Power Supply

34. Lecture 434 Low Level Model Envelope Detector. Half-wave Rectifier Low-pass Filter

35. Lecture 435 Circuit Level Model Envelope Detector + - RC + - V out V in