1. Leonardo’s Laptop: Human Needs and the New Computing Technologies Ben Shneiderman ben@cs.umd.edu Founding Director (1983-2000), Human-Computer Interaction Lab Professor, Department of Computer Science Member, Institutes for Advanced Computer Studies & Systems Research University of Maryland College Park, MD 20742

2. Interdisciplinary research community - Computer Science & Psychology - Information Studies & Education (www.cs.umd.edu/hcil)

3. Scientific Approach (beyond user friendly) Specify users and tasks Predict and measure time to learn speed of performance rate of human errors human retention over time Assess subjective satisfaction (Questionnaire for User Interface Satisfaction) Accommodate individual differences Consider social, organizational & cultural context

4. Design Issues Input devices & strategies Keyboards, pointing devices, voice Direct manipulation Menus, forms, commands Output devices & formats Screens, windows, color, sound Text, tables, graphics Instructions, messages, help Collaboration & communities Manuals, tutorials, training www.awl.com/DTUI hcibib.org useit.com

5. U.S. Library of Congress Scholars, Journalists, Citizens Teachers, Students

6. Visible Human Explorer (NLM) Doctors Surgeons Researchers Students

7. NASA Environmental Data Scientists Farmers Land planners Students

8. Bureau of the Census Economists, Policy makers, Journalists Teachers, Students

9. NSF Digital Government Initiative Find what you need Understand what you Find www.ils.unc.edu/govstat/ Census, NCHS, BLS, EIA, NASS, SSA

10. International Children’s Digital Libary

11. Zooming User Interfaces www.cs.umd.edu/jazz www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/datelens

12. Zooming User Interfaces: DateLens www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/datelens

13. Information Visualization The eye… the window of the soul, is the principal means by which the central sense can most completely and abundantly appreciate the infinite works of nature. Leonardo da Vinci (1452 - 1519)

15. Treemap: Stock market, industry clustered

16. Treemap: Newsmap

17. www.hivegroup.com Treemap: Product catalogs

18. Treemap: Gene Ontology www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/treemap/

19. LifeLines www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/lifelines/

20. Leonardo’s Laptop The old computing is about what computers can do, The New Computing is about what people can do mitpress.mit.edu/leonardoslaptop www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/newcomputing

21. An Inspirational Muse: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Renaissance Man Combined science & art Integrated engineering & esthetics Balanced technology advances & human values Merged visionary & practical

22. Goals for The New Computing 1) Usable: Reliable & comprehensible 2) Universal: Diverse users & varied equipment 3) Useful: In harmony with human needs

23. 1) Usable: Ending User Frustration Goal: make computer usage less frustrating Identify top ten frustrations Measure severity & frequency in lost time Determine if the situation is improving

24. 1) Time diary study Self reports & observations (111 students) Pre-session survey: demographic information computer experience and attitudes level of computer anxiety, mood Users spend 2.5 hours (average) Report their frustrating experiences Post-session survey: assess mood after the session overall frustration level loss of time

25. 1) Frequent Frustrations (out of 373) Internet Applications Operating System timed out/dropped/ refused connections (32) error messages (35) crashes (16) long download time (23)freezes (24)wrong response (10) web page/site not found (17) missing/ hard to find features (23) slow response (8) email (15)crashes (13)unexpected message boxes (6)

26. 1) Minutes lost (111 subjects) – 46% Email OS Web browsing Other minutes lost Productive minutes Total minutes: 17,453 Minutes lost: 7902 2081 1196 12303395

27. 2) Universal: Digital Divide Remains Troubling U.S. Department of Commerce www.ntia.doc.gov/ntiahome/dn/ Percent of Internet Use by Educational Attainment

28. User diversity: Accommodate users with different skills, knowledge, age, gender, disabilities, disabling conditions (mobility, injury, noise, sunlight), literacy, culture, income, etc. Technology variety: Support broad range of hardware, software, and network access Gaps in user knowledge: Bridge the gap between what users know and what they need to know Communications of the ACM, May 2000 2) Universal: Diverse Users & Varied Equipment 2) Universal: Diverse Users & Varied Equipment

29. 2) Universal Usability in Practice www.otal.umd.edu/uupractice/

30. 3) Useful: Generative Theories Beneficial theories: - Descriptive - Explanatory - Predictive - Prescriptive but the big step forward will be - Generative Theories to guide our invention of new technologies

31. Jefferson: Life, Liberty & the Pursuit of Happiness Roosevelt: Freedom of speech & expression, religion, from want, from fear Maslow: Hierarchy of human needs Physiological Safety Love Esteem Self-Actualization Covey: Living, Loving, Learning & Leaving a legacy 3) Theories of Human Needs

32. Relationships Self: working on your own Family & Friends: 2-50 close intimates Colleagues & Neighbors: 50-5000 acquaintances Citizens & Markets: 5000 and more Human Needs for Relationships

33. Activities Collect: Information Relate: Communication Create: Innovation Donate: Dissemination Human Needs for Activities

34. Activities and Relationship Table (ART) Relationships Self Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Citizenry & Markets Activities Collect Relate Create Donate Skeptics corner - Are relationships more complex? - Are these useful activities?

35. Activities and Relationship Table (ART) Relationships Self Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Citizenry & Markets Activities Collect Relate Create Donate IdenticamPhotoDiary PhotoFinder PhotoMesa Album sharing StoryStarterFamily photo history PhotoFinder Kiosk PhotoWall PhotoFinder Webstarter PhotoQuiltPhoto sharing

36. PhotoFinder www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/photolib

37. PhotoMesa www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/photomesa

38. Activities and Relationship Table (ART) Activities Collect Relate Create Donate Medical logDiary Find-a- Friend MusicListsFamily vacation history InfoDoors GatherEmail Send-a-Link WebBushes WorldWide Med Million person communities Medical diagnosis Tourist sharing Relationships Self Family & Friends Colleagues & Neighbors Citizenry & Markets

39. Future Directions E-learning: The new education E-business: The new commerce E-healthcare: The new medicine E-government: The new politics Mega-creativity Grander Goals & The Next Leonardo www.cs.umd.edu/hcil/newcomputing

40. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Three lessons 1) Usable: Reliable & comprehensible 2) Universal: Diverse users & varied equipment 3) Useful: In harmony with human needs

41. Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory www.cs.umd.edu/hcil The old computing is about what computers can do, The New Computing is about what people can do

42. Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory www.cs.umd.edu/hcil 22 nd Annual Symposium June 2-3, 2005

43. Action Items Developers: Apply usability guidelines & testing methods Web producers: Develop UU statements Managers: Provide responsible leadership Journalists: Raise public expectations Policy makers: Raise & clarify requirements Funders: Expand research on usability Educators: Disseminate scientific results Researchers: Explore bold new visions Getting to the Golden Age of Usability

44. ACM Code of Ethics In a fair society, all individuals would have equal opportunity to participate in, or benefit from, the use of computer resources regardless of race, sex, religion, age, disability, national origin or other such similar factors.