1. Extreme Range Breguet Range eq. best values based on current technology:   p = 0.9  c p = 0.4 (piston engine gives the best sfc)  L/D = f (A, e, C D0 )  C D0 = f (S wetted, BL state, S)

2. Extreme Range  Structural limits to max allowable A  Aerodynamic limits to C D0  Powered airplanes: (L/D) max = 25 very good value !  Transports W i / W f = 2.0  R max = 14,621 n. mi.  Nonstop, unrefueled flight around the world R = 28,000 n.mi. ! This range requires a W i / W f = 3.8  Nothing you can do in a short time to overcome technology limitations! The only thing you can do is be creative in your design!

3. Extreme Range Rutan achieved W i / W f = 4.5 in the Voyager with:  A = 33.8  Composites  Special airfoils in the lifting surfaces and the propellers  Place fuel outboard on the wing:  Reduce wing root bending moment  Improve W i / W f  Experimental regulations instead of civil or military airworthiness constraints, resulting in W savings

4. Rutan Voyager

5. Extreme Endurance Breguet Endurance eq. Same tradeoff between L / D and W as in the case of extreme range

6. Extreme L / D High-performance gliders: Schleicher AS W22 B

7. Extreme L / D Need to maximize A and minimize C D0 Solutions:  Very high A wings (Schleicher AS W22 has A = 38.3)  Laminar flow wings  Min size fuselage (pilot in reclined position)  Advanced composite structures