1. Observational and Modeling Study of Urbanization vs. Global Warming Impacts on SoCAB and SFBA Climate Bereket Lebassi Habtezion Ph.D. Candidate Department of Mechanical Engineering Santa Clara University Prof. Jorge Gonzalez Advisor Department of Mechanical Engineering City College Of New York Presented at Santa Clara University Dissertation defense on 9 June 2010

2. Outline 1.Background and Hypothesis 2.Observational Study SFBA and SoCAB analysis Impacts on Energy 3.Simulation Setup Grid Configuration Land Use input Anthropogenic heating 4.Results & Validation GHG impacts Urbanization impacts 5. Conclusion

3. Motivation 1: GHG Global-Warming From NASA RESEARCH NEWS (2006), group led by James Hansen, GISS, NYC Earth has warmed approximately 0.2 o C/decade for past 30 years, with max warming after 1970 Land temps has warmed faster than SSTs

4. Motivation 2: Interaction of coastal climate influences Global Global –Sea surface temps (SSTs) –Ocean currents –General Circulation (GC) pressure systems Mesoscale Mesoscale –Sea/land breezes –Mt/valley breezes –Ocean upwelling –Land-use &/or Land-cover (LULC) changes –Urban heat islands (UHIs)

5. Earlier studies have related climate-change to increased (*=CA studies; modeling studies in yellow): SSTs, evap rate: *Goodridge ‘91, Karl et al. ‘93 SSTs, evap rate: *Goodridge ‘91, Karl et al. ‘93 Cloud cover changes: *Nemani et al. ’01 Cloud cover changes: *Nemani et al. ’01 Upwelling: *Bakun ‘90, *Snyder et al. ‘03; McGregor et al. ‘07 Upwelling: *Bakun ‘90, *Snyder et al. ‘03; McGregor et al. ‘07 Anthropogenic land cover conversions: Pielke et al. ’07, Anthropogenic land cover conversions: Pielke et al. ’07, Chase et al. ‘00; Mintz ‘84; Zhang ‘97 Chase et al. ‘00; Mintz ‘84; Zhang ‘97 Irrigation: *Christy et al. ’06, Lobell et al. ’06, *Kueppers et al. ’07, *Bonfils et al. ’07 Irrigation: *Christy et al. ’06, Lobell et al. ’06, *Kueppers et al. ’07, *Bonfils et al. ’07 GHGs: *Duffy et al. ’06, Walters et al. ’07, Cayan et al. ‘08 GHGs: *Duffy et al. ’06, Walters et al. ’07, Cayan et al. ‘08 UHIs: Ladochy et al. ’07 UHIs: Ladochy et al. ’07

6. Research questions: the relative contributions to observed temperature-trends in coastal-urban areas from GHG-warming &/or LCLU-changes? 1. In urban coastal regions, what temperature-change is due to each of the following: GHG-induced global climate-change urbanization (i.e., LULC-changes) 2. How do these temperature-changes influence coastal-flows

7. a. GHG WARMING/LULC and/or b. INCREASED INLAND WARMING  INCREASED HORIZONTAL T- & p-GRADIENTS (COAST TO INLAND)  (COAST TO INLAND)  INCREASED SEA BREEZE FREQ, INTENSITY, PENETRATION, &/OR DURATION  PENETRATION, &/OR DURATION  COASTAL REGIONS DOMINATED BY SEA BREEZES SHOULD THUS COOL DURING SUMMER DAYTIME PERIODS Current Hypothesis: Observed Calif temp trends resulted from

8. DATA NCDC DAILY MAX & MIN 2-METER TEMPS FROM 273 CALIF SITES (see map below) FROM 1948-2005 NCDC DAILY MAX & MIN 2-METER TEMPS FROM 273 CALIF SITES (see map below) FROM 1948-2005 NCDC MEAN MONTHLY GRIDDED SSTs NCDC MEAN MONTHLY GRIDDED SSTs –INTERNATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE 0CEAN- ATM DATA SET (ICOADS) –2 OR 1 DEG HORIZ RESOLUTION SCU DOWNSCALED REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE MODELING RESULTS FOR CALIF (10 KM RESOLUTION) FOR 21 ST CENTURY (see same map below) SCU DOWNSCALED REGIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE MODELING RESULTS FOR CALIF (10 KM RESOLUTION) FOR 21 ST CENTURY (see same map below)

9. ANALYSES Only data from 1970-2005 (due to its accelerated warming) were used Only data from 1970-2005 (due to its accelerated warming) were used Annual & summer (JJA) warming/cooling trends calculated ( 0 C/decade) for SST, T max, T min Annual & summer (JJA) warming/cooling trends calculated ( 0 C/decade) for SST, T max, T min Spatial distributions of JJA T max trends plotted for Spatial distributions of JJA T max trends plotted for –South Coast Air Basin (SoCAB) –SFBA and Central Valley (CV) JJA land-sea T-gradient (as surrogate for JJA land-sea T-gradient (as surrogate for p-gradient) trends calculated from –mean monthly SSTs –2-m land T max values

10. SCU (Maurer 2007) statistically 10-km downscaled 1950-2000 modeled JJA temps ( 0 C) show total warming rates that decrease to coast (dots are Calif NCDC sites & boxes are study sub-areas)

11. Result 1: Lebassi et al. (2009) J. of Climate Observed 1970-2005 CA JJA max-Temp ( 0 C/decade)trends in SFBA & SoCAB show concurrent: Observed 1970-2005 CA JJA max-Temp ( 0 C/decade) trends in SFBA & SoCAB show concurrent: > low-elev coastal-cooling & > high elev & inland-warming > low-elev coastal-cooling & > high elev & inland-warming > signif levels: solid circles >99% & open circles signif levels: solid circles >99% & open circles <90%)

12. Results 2: Same for SFBA & Central Valley COOLING AREAS: MARIN LOWLANDS, MONTEREY, SANTA CLARA V., LIVERMORE V., WESTERN HALF OF SACRAMENTO V.

13. T min (Curve b) increasing faster than T max (Curve c) Results 3: Temp. trends for all of California

14. Result 4: Combined SFBA & SoCAB 1970-2005 summer trends ( o C decade -1 ) of T max (Curves c) warming Inland T max warming sites cooling Coastal T max cooling sites (a) (b) (c) (d)

15. p-increases (up to 0.34 hPa decade -1 ) in Pacific High p-decreases (up to -0.8 hPa decade -1 ) in Calif- Nevada thermal Low p-gradient trend in next slide Result 5: Average JJA 1.4-deg ERA40-reanalysis SLP trends (hPa/decade) at 11 LT for 1970-2005 As Temp-grad is only a surrogate for p-grad,… As Temp-grad is only a surrogate for p-grad,… Arrow shows SLP- gradient calc. end-points Arrow shows SLP- gradient calc. end-points Plus & minus are High- & Low-pressure centers, respectively. Plus & minus are High- & Low-pressure centers, respectively. + - +

16. Result 6: Trend in ocean-land summer SLP-gradient (hPa 100-km -1 decade -1 ) at 11 LT at end-points in previous slide Results show: p-gradient increases in both areas  increased sea breeze

17. Result 7: Implications of max-Temp trend on Calif energy-usage Lebassi et. al (2010) J. of Solar Energy and Engineering (a) Cooling Degree Day (CDD) trend: upward due to GHG warming  (a) Cooling Degree Day (CDD) trend: upward due to GHG warming  More energy for cooling (b) Heating Degree Day (HDD) ue you to GHG warming  (b) Heating Degree Day (HDD) trend: downward due you to GHG warming  Less energy for heating

18. SUMMARY 1: OF OBS STUDY SUMMER DAYTIME MAX-TEMPS HAVE SUMMER DAYTIME MAX-TEMPS HAVE –COOLED IN LOW-ELEVATION COASTAL AREAS –WARMED IN INLAND AREAS PREVIOUS STUDIES DREW WRONG CONCLUSIONS B/C PREVIOUS STUDIES DREW WRONG CONCLUSIONS B/C – They did not separate summer vs. winter, day vs. night, &/or inland vs. coastal – Therefore, their T max were wrong and thus their T ave & DTRs were also contaminated

19. Modeling Effort Introduction to Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS)

20. RAMS RANS (non-transformed) Equations Momentum eqs for u, v & w Thermodynamic Eq for ice-liquid water potential-temp Water Species (n-species, e.g. vapor, ice, snow, …) (1) (2) (3) Latent heat & RFD Sources & sinks via phase changes Local ∆ = Advection + p-grad + Coriolis + Turbulent Diffusion K m, h : eddy diffusivity coef. for momentum & heat.

21. (4) (5) (6) (7) Pressure Eq (in terms of π) Ideal Gas Law for density Poisson eq for T v Exner function π, for pressure In summary: Prog Eqs for u, v, w, ө il, r n, π′ Diag Eqs for π, ρ, p, T v

22. Vertical Diffusion Coef K m,h,e via TKE (e) Shear Production Buoyancy Molec Dissipation S m,h,e are f(Ri) l is mixing length

23. Vertical Boundary Conditions  z= H (model top) = 18.8 km  Rigid lid, with Rayleigh friction layer of 4 km  w = 0  z= h (SBL top) = 50 m  Continuity of fluxes, gradients, & profiles  z= 0 (sfc)  Sfc energy balance Eq in LEAF3  No slip BC: V = 0  z=H s (bottom soil layer) = 1 m  Constant temperature from large scale model

24. Sfc BC for T(t): RAMS uses LEAF-3 “big leaf” model to solve sfc energy balance at each sfc-type, e.g., for all-urban sfcs (no veg or evaporation) Terms on RHS of eq (L to R): ↓ solar rad absorbed at sfc ↓ IR rad from atm absorbed at sfc ↑ IR rad from sfc to atm ↑ IR rad from urban sfc Note: rad terms come from complex rad-transfer model convective heat to atm [where ( ) * quantities come from SBL-Eq ] ground heat to atm (where ө s comes prog soil temp Eq) anthro heat to atm. (specified, in slide below) Finally: sum of RHS terms yields trend of building-canopy temp θ u, which when added to past-value gives current-value.

25. ClassαεFVFV H V (m) Short grass0.210.950.750.3 Low-intensity urban0.280.900.426.0 High-intensity urban0.280.900.1020.0 Parameter-values (needed as input in previous Eq) for different urban classes where αAlbedo ε Emissivity F V Vegetation Fraction H V Vegetation/building Height

26. Set up of RAMS simulations of SoCAB Area

27. Selected past (1966-70) & present (2001-2005) simulation-periods: have similar PDO- & temp-variations  large-scale variability effects are eliminated Note: ENSO summer-impacts are mainly in winter in study-area

28. Research goal: separate-out effects of urbanization & GHG warming Research goal: separate-out effects of urbanization & GHG warming on observed Lebassi et al. (2009) SoCAB JJA max-temp trends on observed Lebassi et al. (2009) SoCAB JJA max-temp trends use RAMS to simulate these changes use RAMS to simulate these changes RAMS simulations RAMS simulations Runs 1 vs. 2: Runs 1 vs. 2: Research question: Effects of global climate-change? Research question: Effects of global climate-change? Run 1: current Run 1: current urban LULC (NOAA 2002) at 30-m resolution urban LULC (NOAA 2002) at 30-m resolution global-climate & SSTs for five JJA-periods (2001 to 2005) global-climate & SSTs for five JJA-periods (2001 to 2005) Run 2: uses Run 2: uses Run 1 (Current 2002) LULC Run 1 (Current 2002) LULC global climate & SSTs for five past JJA-periods (1966 to 1970) global climate & SSTs for five past JJA-periods (1966 to 1970) Runs 1 vs. 3: Runs 1 vs. 3: Research question: Effects of urbanization? Research question: Effects of urbanization? Run 1: one-year of Run 1 (2002) Run 1: one-year of Run 1 (2002) Run 3: pre-urban Run 3: pre-urban LULC: all urban turned to local dominant-class, i.e., scrubland LULC: all urban turned to local dominant-class, i.e., scrubland over-estimate of max-urbanization effects over-estimate of max-urbanization effects 2002 JJA global-climate & SSTs 2002 JJA global-climate & SSTs Simulation Determination

29. Model initialized Model initialized 0000 UTC = 17 LT 0000 UTC = 17 LT 1 June of given year 1 June of given year 12-hr spin up: 1 st night 12-hr spin up: 1 st night Large scale BCs Large scale BCs every 6-hr every 6-hr from gridded NCEP global-model output from gridded NCEP global-model output ICs and Large-scale BCs (FDDA)

30. > Arakawa-C staggered grid staggered grid  Horiz nested-grid resolution resolution - Grid 1: 20 km - Grid 2: 4 km Vertical Grid Vertical Grid > 49 levels to 31 km  Δz = 40 m (near sfc)  1.15 stretch-ratio  Δz =1.2 km (aloft)  Δz = 1.2 km (aloft) Grid Configuration

31. Grid 2 (4 km): present (2002) LULC-classes Lines: key topographic-heights (+ = peaks) Lines: key topographic-heights (+ = peaks) Input: 30-m NOAA C-CAP LULC  RAMS’s Leaf-3 classifications Input: 30-m NOAA C-CAP LULC  RAMS’s Leaf-3 classifications Output colors: dominant class; parameter values as weighed averages Output colors: dominant class; parameter values as weighed averages Veg: greens Veg: greens Urban: browns Urban: browns Black squares: METAR stations for RAMS evaluation Black squares: METAR stations for RAMS evaluation + + + +

32. Model-Evaluation with Run-1 (current met & LU) output: June 1-10, 2002; averages of 12 SoCAB METAR sites where: blue is obs & red is closest RAMS grid point Mean wind speeds: both at 10-m Mean temps: both at 2-m model =3.1 m/s vs. obs = 2.9 m/s model = 20.2 o C vs. obs = 19.3 o C

33. Model-Evaluation (cont.) Current-period evaluation (previous slide): Temp: r 2 = 0. 87 (blue) Temp: r 2 = 0. 87 (blue) Speed : r 2 = 0.82 (red) Speed : r 2 = 0.82 (red) Correlation (for part-b): r 2 = 0. 70 Past-period evaluation: Past-period evaluation: 1970 JJA-average 1970 JJA-average daily- T max daily- T max average of 15 COOP-sites average of 15 COOP-sites Model (red) minus Model (red) minus Obs (blue) Obs (blue) T max ave-diff = 0.7 o C T max ave-diff = 0.7 o C a b c

34. RAMS Results: 19-m spatial-patterns in following order Temp- and wind-results from –Run 1: current climate and current urbanization –Run 2: past climate and current urbanization –Run 1 minus Run 2 –Run 3: current climate and no-urbanization –Run 1 minus Run 3

35. Large scale BC inputs into RAMS (next 5 slides)

36. NCEP SLP: 17-LT JJA (5-yr Ave) Orig. SLP-resolution: 2.5 deg Top R: Run-2 (P); Top L: Run 1 (N) Lower: Run-1 minus Run-2 (N-P) Box: area of p- grad calculation Results: Location of H: not much change Mag: diminished over most of ocean Peak-decreases: over center of H Increases found: N & S of decrease area Max-decrease over Mx-coast (our D-2) due to expansion of Thermal- L over land PastNow N- P H L H L - - + +

37. Present & Past 17-LT JJA-Ave NCEP 1000-hPa T( o C) Area is black-box sub-area of previous slide Area is black-box sub-area of previous slide BC input to RAMS: every 6-hr for periods of Run-1(N) & Run-2 (P) BC input to RAMS: every 6-hr for periods of Run-1(N) & Run-2 (P) White boxes: D-1 & D-2 White boxes: D-1 & D-2 Both results: Hot inland (H) & Cool ocean (C) Both results: Hot inland (H) & Cool ocean (C) Comparison: H & C centers: moved to SE Comparison: H & C centers: moved to SE Changes: best seen in next slide Changes: best seen in next slide Now Past C H H C

38. Left Slide: vertical section (from Fig. on right; topo not shown) Violet-line: land-area Violet-line: land-area Green line: D-1; White-line: D-2 Green line: D-1; White-line: D-2Results: Max warming: at 350-hPa or 1.6km Max warming: at 350-hPa or 1.6km Cooling: up to 980-hPa (= 400-m) Cooling: up to 980-hPa (= 400-m) Right slide: horizontal section Area is same as previous slide Area is same as previous slide Boxes: again D-1 & D-2 Boxes: again D-1 & D-2 Dash-line: z-section for slide at right Dash-line: z-section for slide at right Results: Inland warming (+) & Results: Inland warming (+) & off-shore cooling (-) protrudes into D-2 off-shore cooling (-) protrudes into D-2 Present minus Past 17-LT JJA-Ave NCEP 1000-hPa T( o C) Present minus Past 17-LT JJA-Ave NCEP 1000-hPa ΔT( o C) N - P - - + + Note: cooling-area is b/t coast & center of H (to West) and in the area of falling-SLP of previous slide (more below) T( o C)

39. ICOADS BC-SST: input to RAMS Box is D-2 RAMS-interpolated D-1: JJA 5-yr ave. (constant for a given summer) Top L: Run-1 (N) orig.-resolution: 1 deg Top R: Run-2 (P) orig- resolution: 2 deg Lower: Run-1 minus Run-2 SST (N-P) Large-scale SST results: NW-cooling in D-1 is a large-scale effect max-warming in south N- P Past Now T( o C)

40. RAMS GHG-WARMING RESULTS: NEXT 8-SLIDES

41. 12 LT14 LT 16 LT RAMS Run-1 (present) JJA-ave. D-1 T( o C) & V (barb = 1 m/s); Box is D-2 Results: Cool: ocean, coastal, & Mt. areas Warm: inland 12 LT: SB- & upslope-flows started 14 LT: Both flows: more-developed 16 LT: combined SB- & upslope- flows

42. Interpretation of sea-breeze wind-vector differences plots P N N-P where: N = current wind-vector (red) P = past wind-vector (black) C-P = current minus past (white) P N N-P -P Retardation case: P > N, so N-P is in opposite dir (off-shore) Acceleration case: N > P, so N-P is in their dir (on-shore)

43. 14 LT 12 LT 16 LT RAMS Run-1 (present, prev. slide) minus Run-2 (past) JJA-Ave D-1 T( o C) & V (barb=0.4 m/s); Box is D-2 Results: Ocean warming < inland warming 12 LT: coastal-cooling started; SB- change not evident in D-2 14 LT: coastal-cooling fills basin N-S & SB-change still not resolved in D-2 16 LT: coastal-cooling reaches max & SB starts to weaken!!

44. D-2 JJA-Aver ∆ T( o C) & ∆V (barb = 0.5 m s -1 ) Results (relative to D-1): More details & stronger temp & flow effects 12 LT: SB better defined & coastal-cooling is in 2-parts 14 LT: SB acceleration now visible & coastal- cooling is seen as stronger N of city 16 LT: SB starts to slow offshore, but is still accelerating over city Peak coastal-cooling over 35- years of about 1.0 o C matches observed trend of 0.3 o C/decade Dashed-line is for subsequent z- section 14 LT 12 LT 16 LT

45. Two-tailed stat. sig. values for T, U, & V Two-tailed stat. sig. values for T, U, & V 12 LT 14 LT 16 LT ∆ T : coastal-cooling, SST-change, & inland-warming are mostly significant at >99% (grey); less-significant ( 99% (grey); less-significant (<90%, yellow) results are due to cancellation of GHG-warming by increased marine-flow cooling ∆U∆V: Most changes also significant at 99%; less-significant areas are over ocean at 12 LT when SB change is not strong & over land at 14 LT when SB starts to weaken ∆U & ∆V: Most changes also significant at 99%; less-significant areas are over ocean at 12 LT when SB change is not strong & over land at 14 LT when SB starts to weaken T U V

46. z-section at 33.85 N for T( o C) & (u, 100w) wind (m/s) T( o C) & (u, 100w) wind (m/s) Top R Run-1 (Now): NCEP cold-area to 500-m; warmest inland; inversion top 900-m & base 50-m Top R Run-1 (Now): NCEP cold-area to 500-m; warmest inland; inversion top 900-m & base 50-m Top L Run-2 (Past): inversion top now 750-m & inversion-base at sfc Top L Run-2 (Past): inversion top now 750-m & inversion-base at sfc Bottom R Run-1 (N) minus Run 2 (P): Bottom R Run-1 (N) minus Run 2 (P): > Present w-wind: up in cooling area & down above > Present w-wind: up in cooling area & down above > GHG-induced warming aloft & inland > GHG-induced warming aloft & inland > Shallow warming over ocean from SST increases > Shallow warming over ocean from SST increases > NCEP-cooling over ocean & sea-breeze induced cooling over previously-warm coastal land-area (both to about 500-m) > NCEP-cooling over ocean & sea-breeze induced cooling over previously-warm coastal land-area (both to about 500-m) z-line is eastern-edge of subsequent w-section z-line is eastern-edge of subsequent w-section Past Now N - P T( o C )

47. Stat. sig. for previous z-section at 33.83 N for temp-changes of Domain-2 SST warming, cooling over ocean aloft, & coastal cooling: all significant at > 99% SST warming, cooling over ocean aloft, & coastal cooling: all significant at > 99% transition zone is less significant transition zone is less significant Note: topography not shown Note: topography not shown

48. z-section w (cm/s) at 14 LT Top L: Run-1 (Now): Subsidence over ocean & up-motion max over-peaks Top R: Run-2 (Past): Patten similar to Run- 1, but up-motion was stronger Bottom R: Run-1 minus Run-2 (N-P) > Subsidence decreases (less negative, yellow) over ocean, as thermal-L expansion weakens Pacific-H > The area of decreased up-motion ( less positive, blue) is due to increased marine-air stability and is bisected by a narrow area of increased (yellow) up-motion, as topo- graphic-induced up-motion overcomes stability effect PastNow N-P

49. Urban areas: UHI-peaks at 16 LT (1.0 o C) UHI-peaks at 16 LT (1.0 o C) SB-retardation peaks (1.5 m/s) at 16 LT (Run-1 vector onshore & difference-vector offshore) due to urban z- deceleration SB-retardation peaks (1.5 m/s) at 16 LT (Run-1 vector onshore & difference-vector offshore) due to urban z 0 - decelerationRural: small inland-directed warm-air advection (0.2 o C) small inland-directed warm-air advection (0.2 o C) insignificant Mt-top & over- ocean cooling (secondary- circulation effect?) insignificant Mt-top & over- ocean cooling (secondary- circulation effect?) Costal park-insert shows SB induced-cooling w/o the retardation-effect Costal park-insert shows SB induced-cooling w/o the retardation-effect 2002 JJA 12, 14 & 16 LT Run 1 (Urban) minus Run 3 (no-Urban): Temp & U (1 barb = 0.5 m/s) differ- ences (U minus no U) URBANIZATION RESULT (one slide): 12 LT 14 LT 16 LT T ( o C)

50. Summary Summary The effects of urbanization & GHG- warming on summer sea breezes in the SoCAB were studied by > RAMS meso-met modeled PBL winds & temps > comparison of RAMS temps with observed near-sfc values Increased GHGs (Run-1 vs. Run-2) resulted in Increased GHGs (Run-1 vs. Run-2) resulted in > increased sea-breezes over the ocean & coastal plain, and thus > increased sea-breezes over the ocean & coastal plain, and thus > sea-breeze induced coastal-cooling over the coastal plain (whose aerial extent & magnitude matched the observations) > sea-breeze induced coastal-cooling over the coastal plain (whose aerial extent & magnitude matched the observations) Urbanization produced and Urbanization produced and > UHI and a > UHI and a > reduced sea-breeze penetration (due to the large urban-z 0 ) > reduced sea-breeze penetration (due to the large urban-z 0 ) Implications from coastal-cooling Implications from coastal-cooling > Lower energy-use for cooling > Lower energy-use for cooling > Lower heat-stress levels > Lower heat-stress levels > Lower peak O 3 concentrations > Lower peak O 3 concentrations > Benefits for peak-temperature sensitive agriculture > Benefits for peak-temperature sensitive agriculture

51. Other places where costal-cooling might occur From IPCC

52. Future work > Scientific questions What are future changes in coastal cooling? What are future changes in coastal cooling? When and how coastal cooling stop, if ever? When and how coastal cooling stop, if ever? Is there an index that can predict coastal cooling in other areas? Is there an index that can predict coastal cooling in other areas? > Extend observational data analysis to Other months Other months Extreme values Extreme values > Additional RAMS modeling of Future GHG vs. LULC impacts Future GHG vs. LULC impacts SFBA and other areas SFBA and other areas > Impact-analyses of Energy use Energy use Air quality Air quality Heat stress Heat stress

53. Lebassi, B. H, J. E. González, D. Fabris, E. Maurer, C. Milesi, and R. Bornstein, 2010: RAMS modeled differences between 1970 and 2005 summer daytime temperatures and winds in coastal Southern Cali- fornia. J. Climate (in preparation). Lebassi, B. H, J. E. González, D. Fabris, E. Maurer, C. Milesi, and R. Bornstein, 2010: RAMS modeled differences between 1970 and 2005 summer daytime temperatures and winds in coastal Southern Cali- fornia. J. Climate (in preparation). Lebassi, B. H, J. E. González, D. Fabris, E. Maurer, N. L. Miller, C. Milesi, P. Switzer, and R. Bornstein, 2009: Observed 1970-2005 cooling of summer daytime temperatures in coastal California, J. Climate, 22, 3558-3573, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2111.1. Lebassi, B. H, J. E. González, D. Fabris, E. Maurer, N. L. Miller, C. Milesi, P. Switzer, and R. Bornstein, 2009: Observed 1970-2005 cooling of summer daytime temperatures in coastal California, J. Climate, 22, 3558-3573, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2111.1. Lebassi, B., J. JE. Gonzalez, R. Bornstein, and, D. Fabris, 2009: Regional impacts in the coastal California environment from a changing climate. J. Solar Energy and Engineering (to appear in August). Lebassi, B., J. JE. Gonzalez, R. Bornstein, and, D. Fabris, 2009: Regional impacts in the coastal California environment from a changing climate. J. Solar Energy and Engineering (to appear in August). Lebassi B., D. Fabris, J. E. Gonzalez, S. Zarantonello, S. Chiappari, N. L. Miller, and R. Bornstein, 2005: Urban heat islands in California’s Central Valley, BAMS, 1542-1543. Lebassi B., D. Fabris, J. E. Gonzalez, S. Zarantonello, S. Chiappari, N. L. Miller, and R. Bornstein, 2005: Urban heat islands in California’s Central Valley, BAMS, 1542-1543. JOURNAL PUBLICATIONS

54. Presentation and extended abstract publications RAMS modeled differences between 1970 and 2005 summer day time temperatures and winds in coastal California, B. Lebassi, and JE. Gonzalez, and R. Bornstein, presented at the 34th Climate Diagnostics and Prediction Workshop, Monterey, CA, October 26-30, 2009. RAMS modeled differences between 1970 and 2005 summer day time temperatures and winds in coastal California, B. Lebassi, and JE. Gonzalez, and R. Bornstein, presented at the 34th Climate Diagnostics and Prediction Workshop, Monterey, CA, October 26-30, 2009. Modelling the Impacts of Urbanization vs. Green House Gas Warming in Southern California Coasts, B. Lebassi, and J. JE. Gonzalez, and R. Bornstein, Second International Conference on Countermeasures to Urban Heat Islands, LBNL, Berkeley, California, 21-23 September, 2009. Modelling the Impacts of Urbanization vs. Green House Gas Warming in Southern California Coasts, B. Lebassi, and J. JE. Gonzalez, and R. Bornstein, Second International Conference on Countermeasures to Urban Heat Islands, LBNL, Berkeley, California, 21-23 September, 2009. Regional energy-use impacts in the coastal California environment from a changing climate, B. Lebassi, J. Gonzalez, R. Bornstein, and R. Van Buskirk, The 7th International conf on Urban Climate, Yokohama, Japan. June 29- July 3, 2009. Regional energy-use impacts in the coastal California environment from a changing climate, B. Lebassi, J. Gonzalez, R. Bornstein, and R. Van Buskirk, The 7th International conf on Urban Climate, Yokohama, Japan. June 29- July 3, 2009. Modeling differences between 1970 and 2005 summer daytime temperatures in coastal California, B. Lebassi, J. Gonzalez, and R. Bornstein, the 7th International conf on Urban Climate, Yokohama, Japan. June 29- July 3, 2009. Modeling differences between 1970 and 2005 summer daytime temperatures in coastal California, B. Lebassi, J. Gonzalez, and R. Bornstein, the 7th International conf on Urban Climate, Yokohama, Japan. June 29- July 3, 2009. Regional Impacts on Energy Demands from a Changing Climate in the Coastal California Environment, B. Lebassi, JE. Gonzalez, D. Fabris, and R. Bornstein, Inaugural US-EU-China Thermophysics Conf. Renewable Energy, UECTC2009-342 (Invited Paper). Beijing, China, 28-30 May, 2009. Regional Impacts on Energy Demands from a Changing Climate in the Coastal California Environment, B. Lebassi, JE. Gonzalez, D. Fabris, and R. Bornstein, Inaugural US-EU-China Thermophysics Conf. Renewable Energy, UECTC2009-342 (Invited Paper). Beijing, China, 28-30 May, 2009. Cooling summer daytime temperatures in two urban coastal California air basins during 1948-2005: observations and implications, R. Bornstein, B. Lebassi, E. Maurer, P. Switzer, and J. E. Gonzalez, presented 8th Conf. on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes, 89th AMS Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, 10-15 January 2009. Cooling summer daytime temperatures in two urban coastal California air basins during 1948-2005: observations and implications, R. Bornstein, B. Lebassi, E. Maurer, P. Switzer, and J. E. Gonzalez, presented 8th Conf. on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes, 89th AMS Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, 10-15 January 2009. Regional Impacts on Energy Demands from a Changing Climate in Coastal California Environments, 2009: J.E. Gonzalez, B. Lebassi, R. D. Bornstein, H. Taha, and R. D. Van Buskirk, presented at Eighth Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes, 89th AMS Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, 10-15 January 2009. Regional Impacts on Energy Demands from a Changing Climate in Coastal California Environments, 2009: J.E. Gonzalez, B. Lebassi, R. D. Bornstein, H. Taha, and R. D. Van Buskirk, presented at Eighth Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes, 89th AMS Annual Meeting, Phoenix, AZ, 10-15 January 2009. Observed and simulated California climate trends due to concurrent long-term inland-warming and coastal-cooling, B. Lebassi, and J. E. Gonzalez, R. Bornstein, and D. Fabris; presented at The 17th Joint Conference on Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification/Weather Modification Association Annual Meeting, Westminster, CO, 20-25 April 2008. Observed and simulated California climate trends due to concurrent long-term inland-warming and coastal-cooling, B. Lebassi, and J. E. Gonzalez, R. Bornstein, and D. Fabris; presented at The 17th Joint Conference on Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification/Weather Modification Association Annual Meeting, Westminster, CO, 20-25 April 2008. RAMS simulations of a global-warming reverse-reaction: California coastal summer daytime cooling, B. Lebassi, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA; and J. E. Gonzalez, D. Fabris, E. Maurer, N. L. Miller, C. Milesi, and R. Bornstein; present at 88th AMS conference, 20th Conf on Climate Variability and Change, New Orleans, LA, 20-24 January, 2008. RAMS simulations of a global-warming reverse-reaction: California coastal summer daytime cooling, B. Lebassi, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA; and J. E. Gonzalez, D. Fabris, E. Maurer, N. L. Miller, C. Milesi, and R. Bornstein; present at 88th AMS conference, 20th Conf on Climate Variability and Change, New Orleans, LA, 20-24 January, 2008. Observations of a global-warming reverse-reaction: California coastal summer daytime cooling, R. Bornstein, B. Lebassi, J. E. Gonzalez, D. Fabris, E. Maurer, N. L. Miller, and C. Milesi; present 88th AMS Conf, 20th Conf on Climate Variability and Change. New Orleans, 20-24 January, 2008. Observations of a global-warming reverse-reaction: California coastal summer daytime cooling, R. Bornstein, B. Lebassi, J. E. Gonzalez, D. Fabris, E. Maurer, N. L. Miller, and C. Milesi; present 88th AMS Conf, 20th Conf on Climate Variability and Change. New Orleans, 20-24 January, 2008. Spatial and Temporal Changes in Climatological Degree-Days in California, B. Lebassi. E. Gonzalez, R. Bornstein, D. Fabris, Energy Sustainability, Long Beach, CA, 10-13 January, 2007. Spatial and Temporal Changes in Climatological Degree-Days in California, B. Lebassi. E. Gonzalez, R. Bornstein, D. Fabris, Energy Sustainability, Long Beach, CA, 10-13 January, 2007. Observed long-term California temperature-trends: coastal cooling and inland warming, 2007: B. Lebassi, J. E. Gonzles, D. Fabris, E. Maurer, R. Bornstein, and N. L. Miller; presented at 87th AMS annual Symposium, Connections Between Mesoscale Processes and Climate Variability, Santa Antonio, TX, 14-18 January, 2007. Observed long-term California temperature-trends: coastal cooling and inland warming, 2007: B. Lebassi, J. E. Gonzles, D. Fabris, E. Maurer, R. Bornstein, and N. L. Miller; presented at 87th AMS annual Symposium, Connections Between Mesoscale Processes and Climate Variability, Santa Antonio, TX, 14-18 January, 2007. Impacts of Land Use and Land Cover on Regional Summer Time Coastal Cooling and Inland Warming in Central California, 2007: Jorge E. González, B. Lebassi and R. Bornstein; presented at Seventh Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes, San Diego California, 10-13 September, 2007. Impacts of Land Use and Land Cover on Regional Summer Time Coastal Cooling and Inland Warming in Central California, 2007: Jorge E. González, B. Lebassi and R. Bornstein; presented at Seventh Conference on Coastal Atmospheric and Oceanic Prediction and Processes, San Diego California, 10-13 September, 2007. Modeling urban heat islands in California central valley, B. Lebassi, J. E. González, D. Fabris, N. L. Miller, and C. Milesi; presented at 86th AMS annual Symposium, Sixth Sym on the Urban Environment, Atlanta, GA. Jan 28- Feb 3, 2006. Modeling urban heat islands in California central valley, B. Lebassi, J. E. González, D. Fabris, N. L. Miller, and C. Milesi; presented at 86th AMS annual Symposium, Sixth Sym on the Urban Environment, Atlanta, GA. Jan 28- Feb 3, 2006. Climatology temperature mapping for California urban heat island study site selection, Lebassi Bereket, D. Fabris, J. E. Gonzalez, S. Zarantonello, S. Chiappari, N. L. Miller, and R. Bornstein. Presented at Atm Sci and Air Quality Conf., San Francisco, CA, 27-29 April, 2005. Climatology temperature mapping for California urban heat island study site selection, Lebassi Bereket, D. Fabris, J. E. Gonzalez, S. Zarantonello, S. Chiappari, N. L. Miller, and R. Bornstein. Presented at Atm Sci and Air Quality Conf., San Francisco, CA, 27-29 April, 2005.

55. Thank You! Any Questions?