1. The Breeding of Douglas Fir in Britain Steve Lee Forest Research Partner 11 With input from: Sam Samuel and Alan Fletcher

2. Breeding Douglas Fir in Great Britain www.forestresearch.gov.ukTreeBreedEx - March 2009 - Germany 2 Discovered in 1792 by Archibald Menzies Big Lat/Long/Altitude spread. Introduced into Britain in1827 Early collections thought to be from Washington/Oregon border and western foothills of the Cascade range? Commercial introductions started 1870 (North Oregon; Puget Sound) In 1920s around 6,500 Kg were imported into GB - 60% from coastal BC; 40% from Washington Coast Gradually, BC imports gave way to Washington

3. Breeding Douglas Fir in Great Britain www.forestresearch.gov.ukTreeBreedEx - March 2009 - Germany 3 Provenance tests planted 1928 through to 1970 Early test dwelt on interior BC but some coastal BC Southern inland areas were quickly dismissed due to problems with Needle Cast fungus Rhadocline pseudotsugae 1953/4 origin trials centred on Washington and Oregon - 6 sites across GB 1966 and 1970 range wide IUFRO trials - 7 sites across GB 50 well documented selection sites from PNW were tested in GB

4. Breeding Douglas Fir in Great Britain www.forestresearch.gov.ukTreeBreedEx - March 2009 - Germany 4 DF Breeding has been stop/ start in GB (1) Plus trees (approx. 200) were selected in the 1950s Progeny tests (approx. 30) were established up to early 1970s In mid-1970s DF breeding was stopped. It was decided not enough DF was being planted in GB to justify a costly breeding programme

5. Breeding Douglas Fir in Great Britain www.forestresearch.gov.ukTreeBreedEx - March 2009 - Germany 5 DF Breeding has been stop/ start in GB (2) Early progeny tests NOT a success. Many of the early selections were found to be closely related with clear signs of inbreeding depression in the progeny. We realised trees had been selected from early David Douglas introductions which must have been raised from just a few cones. Interest was renewed in the early 1990s under EU incentives. EU contract lead to new experiments of open-pollinated families from over 300 parent trees selected in Washington and Oregon. 10-year data from these trials have NOT lead to the identification of many outstanding parent trees

6. Breeding Douglas Fir in Great Britain www.forestresearch.gov.ukTreeBreedEx - March 2009 - Germany 6 Map shows location of DF origin trials in GB In addition there have been trials to compare EU sources of DF (EUDirec). French ‘early flushing’ found to do well on mild sites which could be important as the climate warms.

7. Breeding Douglas Fir in Great Britain www.forestresearch.gov.ukTreeBreedEx - March 2009 - Germany 7 We have climatic matching data for each site enabling GIS modelling and predictions of which origin is the best for DF sites in GB. This will be expanded upon at the meeting by Georgios Xenakis The technique could be expended to rest of EU?

8. Breeding Douglas Fir in Great Britain www.forestresearch.gov.ukTreeBreedEx - March 2009 - Germany 8 So where are we now ? We are able to recommend the best seed origins for use in Britain. WACO - best is for most sites Elma, Humptulips + Matlock (030), Twin Habors, Hoquim (041) SWCA - consider on warmer, drier sites - Packwood (430), Randle + Snoqualmie Falls (422), Enumclaw (412) NWCA less optimal - Darrington (403) Arlington and Granite Falls (202) BCCO has good form but sub-optimal growth rate WACO = Washington Coast; SWCA = S. Wash. Cascades NWCA = N. Wash. Cascades; NOCO = N. Oregon Coast BCCO = Brit. Col. Coast

9. Breeding Douglas Fir in Great Britain www.forestresearch.gov.ukTreeBreedEx - March 2009 - Germany 9 What do we intend to do next? We do NOT have a breeding programme No further breeding or selection is planned We have just one untested clonal seed orchard (1 hectare in size) which has been harvested only once We intend to purchase improved stock of the appropriate origin from organisations in the Pacific North West or partners elsewhere in Europe.