1. Photovoltaic “Parallel System” for Duke Farms Group Members Trecia Ashman Paola Barry Mukti Patel Zarina Zayasortiz

2. Photovoltaic Parallel System  Photovoltaic cells are used to harness energy from the sun. This energy can then be directly converted to electricity and be used to power your home or other facility.

3. Parallel System  A “parallel” system  Role of Components:  PV Panels  Inverter  Meter  Power Distribution Grid  3-phase AC Power

4. PSE&G Specifications  In order for the system to be approved it must meet the following standards:  The installation must comply with the provisions of the NEC  Modules must be UL listed  The maximum amount of sunlight available year should not be obstructed  All solar array orientations are required that the estimated system output must be 75% of the default output estimated by PVWATTS  The inverter must be certified as compliant with the requirements of IEEE 929 and with UL 1741

5. PSE&G Specifications  The system needs the following visual indicators:  On/off switch  Operating mode setting indicator  AC/DC overcurrent protection  Operating status indicator  Warning labels must be posted on the control panels and junction boxes indicating that the circuits are energized by an alternate power source

6. Tracking Options Fixed Plate stationery panel 1-Axis Tracking North/South or East/West 2-Axis Tracking North/South & East/West

7. System Information for the Powerhouse Month Duke Farms Power House Usage (kW-hr) Aug-03146424 Sep-03247055 Oct-03137557 Nov-0397546 Dec-03156921 Jan-04169716 Feb-04162028 Mar-04140565 Apr-04137610 May-04112532 Jun-04130047 Jul-04137338 Aug-04128162

8. Powerhouse Calculations The area needed to place 13,264 panels is : Necessary Calculations: 100% of Power House monthly average (equivalent of 1400 kW system) Average monthly Power House usage: 146,424 kW-hr/month

9. Powerhouse Calculations 50% of Power House monthly average (equivalent of 702 kW system) Necessary Calculations: The area needed to place 6632 panels is:

10. Powerhouse Calculations Necessary Calculations: The area needed to place 13,264 panels is: 25% of Power House monthly average (equivalent of 350 kW system)

11. Powerhouse 350 kW System

12. Powerhouse-702 kW System

13. Powerhouse- 1000 kW System

14. System Information for Employee Housing

15. Employee Housing -26 kW System

16. Employee Housing- 50 kW System

17. Employee Housing-100 kW System

18. Mounting System Design  The mounting system for Duke Farms had to be: Unique and Creative  Clients wanted to show off their product to visitors Cost Efficient  A large number of stands would be needed because of the large scale of the project Support tracking  Since NJ only averages around 4.6 hours of sunlight/day/year tracking would be necessary in order to increase the amount of light hitting the panels Durable and Sturdy  The mounting system not only has to support the weight of the solar panel but would be exposed to harsh weather conditions

19. Refined Solar Support Figure 1 – Refined Design of Solar SupportFigure 2 – Close-up of Solar Support Joint Further analysis is needed in order to determine how wind, rain, and snow loading will affect this new design.

20. Control Configuration  To enable one axis tracking a good control configuration was needed.  Options One tracker for every five modules. One tracker that will control all of the modules  Master/slave configuration

21. Master/Slave Configuration  The primary module will have a tracker, while the others (secondary modules) will mimic the motion of the primary module.  The motion will be mimicked by using small motors that will position the modules.

22. Electrical Layout Alternatives System that provides electricity only for Duke Farms: 1. No electricity is sold back to the grid. 2. All surplus to power grid.

23. Interconnection Protection  If surplus is connected back to the power grid it is necessary  The function is three-fold:  Disconnects the generator when it is no longer operating in parallel with the utility system.  Protects the utility system from damage caused by connection of the generator, including the fault current supplied from the generator for utility system faults and transient over voltages.  Protects the generator from damage from the utility system, especially through automatic re-closing.

24. Interconnection Protection (Cont.)  Interconnection protection varies depending on the following factors: System Size Point of Interconnection to PSE&G Type of Power Generated Interconnection Transformer Configuration Therefore the group needs to find what works best for our system.

25. Total Capital Cost  A large portion of the total capital cost will come from the structures themselves.  This large amount of capital will probably need to be borrowed so interest costs will have to be taken into account.  Operation and maintenance costs will also be added to the total capital cost.

26. Maintenance Costs  This expense can be explored in three ways:  Delegate work to current employees  Hire part-time workers  Hire contractors

27. Payback Period  Factors that may cause the payback time to change: The price you pay for your system will vary depending on local market conditions. Another factor is that the energy generated by your system depends on sunlight conditions at your location. Finally, the inclination of your solar module array may be less than optimal.

28. System Placement

29. Visuals Life-Sized Models vs. Display: Life- Size Model  Give the customer an idea of how one individual module will look.  Not working model. Small Display  Commercial visualization with the purpose to create a better overall picture of the system and what kind of space it would take up.

30. Questions