1. Second Test Next Wednesday Format  Multiple Choice (10 questions)40%  Short Answer (2 questions)20%  Essay(1 question)40%

2. Second Test Next Wednesday Content to be tested  Theories Modernization Dependency Statism Neo-liberalism  Concepts Corporatism Patron-client relations  Institutions Political and economic  Parliamentary/Presidential system  Electoral system  Role of state/market in economic development

4. Themes in Nigerian Development Legacies of colonialism  Dependency theory Role of the state  Statism—developmental or predatory state institutions? Individual values  Modern vs. traditional values? Role of the market  Is the free market allowed to function, promote efficiency?

5. Nigeria

6. Legacies of British Colonialism Dominant role for state in the economy Politicization of ethnicity

7. Legacies of British Colonialism Dominant role for state in economy  Colonial and post- colonial state control over export commodities & production through state marketing boards monopsony—single buyer

8. Global Structure of Agricultural Commodity Markets Tariff barriers against entering core markets  Example: European Union Import tariffs increase the more processed a product becomes.  Ensures that most imports to the EU are raw products like coffee, cocoa (lower value-added)  EU tariffs  30 percent for processed cocoa products like chocolate bars  60 percent for some other refined products containing cocoa. Non-tariff barriers against entering core markets  Example: EU Strict EU standards for imported food products  Hygiene and health standards  Regulations for size, form and color

9. Legacies of British Colonialism Dominant role for state in economy  Raised stakes of office-holding Control of state also meant control over economy

10. Legacies of British Colonialism Dominant role for state in economy  Created basis for “patronage politics” Define

11. Legacies of British Colonialism Dominant role for state in economy  Created basis for “patronage politics” Defined as “securing societal support for those in power by selective distribution of state resources”

12. Post-colonial Nigeria Dominant role for state in economy  Continued basis for “patronage politics”  Expands from agricultural commodities to oil

13. Post-colonial Nigeria Dominant role for state in economy  Continued basis for “patronage politics”  Beyond commodities Examples  Expansion of university system (not primary education)  Particularistic benefits  2002: adult literacy 57%  Expansion of civil service  Particularistic hiring  By 1980s, government employs 60% of urban sector  BUT most Nigerians rural  2002: 45% of population below poverty line  State enterprises  Number of state firms increased 4x from 1970-1980

14. Compare Nigeria and Japan Civil service recruitment

15. Legacies of British Colonialism Politicization of ethnicity  “Africanization” 1951 regional assembly elections  Northern, Western, Eastern regions  Divisions coincide with ethnic divisions  Political parties organize along ethnic lines 1959 first full parliamentary elections  Parties coalesce along ethnic/regional lines Electoral dominance: Northern Hausa-Fulani  Single largest ethnic group  Previously excluded  Seeks to gain and hold power for particular benefits

16. Evolution of Political Competition in Nigeria

18. Abacha seizes power

19. Death of dictator Abacha creates political opening for 4 th Republic

20. Transition to Civilian (Democratic) Rule National Assembly  Senate (109 seats)  House of Representatives (360 seats) Single-member districts Elected by winner-take-all  British, US influence  Creates strong majorities

21. 1999 Democracy Returns (Obasanjo elected) A PDP election rally: Millions of Nigerians turned out for a peaceful vote

22. Evolution of Political Competition in Nigeria

23. Transition to Civilian (Democratic) Rule 2007 presidential elections  1 st time an elected Nigerian leader handed power to another since independence in 1960  PDP north-south power-sharing agreement Yar'Adua

24. Money and Violence Hobble Democracy in Nigeria November 24, 2006

25. Ongoing Challenges to Democratic Rule Ethnic/religious tensions  Northern states British colony—indirect rule  Islamic (Shari’a) Law continues in north Today: Muslim with significant Christianity minority 1999 Shari’a Law becomes campaign issue  Seeks to expand beyond special family law courts Shari’a Law introduced in 12 northern states May 1999 – February 2002 alone  “more than 10,000 people have died in murderous ethnic and religious clashes (NYTimes 2/8/02)”

26. Ongoing Challenges to Democratic Rule Increasingly unfair elections  Charges that ruling People’s Democratic Party (PDP) Used state resources for partisan purposes Restricted access to state-owned media  Electoral fraud 2003, 2007 National level and for “lucrative” governorships Thefts of ballot boxes Violent intimidation of opposition  Independent National Electoral Commission Commission not independent of the president (appoints) “Unprepared for 2007 election…environment of uncertainty, growing insecurity among the population, rising political violence, and a disastrous voter registration process [computerized]” (int’l ngo: National Democratic Institute)