1. © T. M. Whitmore Exam 1 on Tuesday Covers text reading (Chapters 1-3) & class lectures through North America only (i.e., nothing on Latin America) Multiple choice – thus needs a scantron sheet & pencil Review session:  Monday OR Sunday? 7 PM  Here? or Saunders 220?  Email to advise

2. © T. M. Whitmore Today Latin America & the Caribbean  Very Diverse Physical environment  Legacies of Indigenous (pre- Columbian) peoples  The Columbian “encounter”

3. © T. M. Whitmore Last Time -- QUESTIONS? North America  Poverty  Defining “regions” – the “South” Latin America & the Caribbean (combined)  Very Diverse Physical environment

4. © T. M. Whitmore South America sub-regions Andes mountains Shield rock highlands of Brazil and Venezuela/Guianas Shield rock highlands Lowlands and major river basins  Amazon  Orinoco  Parana & Paraguay (Río de la Plata)

5. 3 physiographic regions 1) Andes 2) “highlands” 3) lowlands

7. NASA WorldWind

9. Río de la Plata Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) image of the Rio de la Plata estuary (Argentina), with input of river water from the Uruguay and Parana rivers notably visible. Buenos Aires is the semi-circular gray area southeast of the inland end of the estuary. Click on the image for a larger version.

10. © T. M. Whitmore South American ClimatesClimates Equatorial Amazonia Wet-dry tropical forest and savannah Temperate humid SE South America Semi-arid Southern cone Andean mountain climates Western coastal deserts Chilean Mediterranean & Marine West coast

12. © T. M. Whitmore Equatorial Amazonia & Wet-dry tropical forest and savannah Abundant rain in Equatorial rainforest Seasonal rainfall in wet-dry tropical savannah  Savannah vegetation

13. savanna

14. © T. M. Whitmore

15. © W.H. Freeman & Co.

16. © T. M. Whitmore

18. Temperate humid SE South America & Semi-arid Argentina Temperate humid SE  Cfa climate (temperate, i.e., non- tropical) (like NC)  Pampas grasslands Semi-arid Southern Cone  Rain shadow E of Andes in Patagonia and along foothills farther N  Grasslands

21. © T. M. Whitmore Andean mountain climates & Western coastal deserts Andes  Principle of altitudinal vegetation zones  Tectonics Coastal Deserts  El Niño phenomena (warm water instead of cold along coast)  Many areas with no rain at all – except in El Niño events

24. © T. M. Whitmore

25. winds Dry ---- Wet Dry ---- Dry Wet ---- Dry

27. Terraces near Tarma, Peru

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31. N. Atlantic Gyre S. Atlantic Gyre Trade winds S. Pacific Gyre Peru (Humboldt) Current

32. El Niño Conditions

35. © T. M. Whitmore Chilean Mediterranean & Marine West coast N Chile = Atacama desert; Mid Chile = a Mediterranean climate (like Spain or Italy or S California!); S Chile = cool wet “marine west coast” climate (like Oregon or Washington or W Europe!)

37. © T. M. Whitmore Pillars that form modern Latin America: # 1 Legacies of Indigenous (pre- Columbian) peoples  Geography of Indigenous peoples (Amerindians) of Latin America - Pre-Columbian (at time of European arrival)  Amerindian contributions to agriculture

38. © T. M. Whitmore Indigenous peoples: Northern Mexico Northern Mexico Bands and small pops - collectively often called Chichimec  hunting and gathering economies  small populations (1 - 2 m)

39. © T. M. Whitmore Indigenous peoples: MesoamericaMesoamerica State-like political structures (Aztec, Tarascan, Huastec, Zapotec, Maya, etc)Aztec, Tarascan, Huastec, Zapotec, Maya Large populations Significant urbanization Sophisticated agriculture systems

40. © T. M. Whitmore Chichimec N Mexico Mesoamerica Tenochtitlán Aztec Maya

45. © T. M. Whitmore Indigenous peoples: CaribbeanCaribbean 3 major cultural groups  Ciboney  Taino or Arawak  Carib Large populations Special agriculture (conuco) and fishing

46. Carib Taino or Arawak Ciboney

47. © T. M. Whitmore Indigenous peoples: AmazoniaAmazonia Smallish populations Larger pops and sedentary agricultural lifestyle along major rivers

48. © T. M. Whitmore Indigenous peoples: Southern ConeSouthern Cone Much like Northern Mexico H-G Low populations < 2 m

49. Inca Amazonia & Lowland SA Southern Cone

50. © T. M. Whitmore Indigenous peoples: Andean highlands and coast Inka empire: Columbia to N. Chile Inka empire Well organized conquest state Large populations Sophisticated agriculture exploiting many elevation niches

51. © T. M. Whitmore Indigenous peoples III Andean highlands and coast  Inka empire: Columbia to N. Chile  Well organized conquest state  Large populations  Sophisticated agriculture exploiting many elevation niches  Terraces (andenes in Spanish, hence Andes) Terraces

52. Inca Amazonia & Lowland SA Southern Cone

58. © T. M. Whitmore Amerindian contributions to global agriculture I Some major Foods:  Maize (corn)  Beans (lima, green, black, pinto, etc.)  Peanuts  Potatoes (NOT Irish!)  Squashes (including pumpkin)  Sweet potatoes (what are incorrectly called yams)  Chilies  Vanilla  Cacao (Chocolate - that staff of life)  Pecan

63. © T. M. Whitmore Amerindian contributions to global agriculture II Foods:  Papaya  Cashew  Manioc (or cassava, yuca - you know as tapioca)  Avocado  Tomatoes (what did the Italians do before 1492?)  Pineapple  Guava  and many, many others (especially fruits)

64. © T. M. Whitmore Amerindian contributions to agriculture III Non-foods  Cotton (all commercial types)  Tobacco  Rubber (latex)  Coca (source of cocaine)  Indigo (blue jeans dye)  Hemp/sisal

65. © T. M. Whitmore Amerindian contributions to agriculture IV Animals  Guinea pig  Llama  Alpaca  Turkey  and very few others About 1/3 of the world’s total agricultural crops are Amerindian in origin

67. © T. M. Whitmore Pillar # 2: Legacies of Spanish and Portuguese colonialism Conquest of Latin America Amerindian population collapse Colonial economic systems in Latin America Other legacies of colonialism in Latin America

68. © T. M. Whitmore Conquest of Latin America Columbus - 1492 (+ 4 other voyages) 1519 Cortés left Cuba to conquer Aztec state Pizarro arrived on Peru coast 1527 and found Inka in civil war => relatively easy conquest in 4 years Portuguese conquest confined to Brazil after its “discovery” in 1500 => Brazil speaks Portuguese while most of LA speaks Spanish

70. © T. M. Whitmore Amerindian population collapse Caused primarily by infectious disease brought by Europeans, their African slaves, and animals Amerindians never exposed to common Old World diseases such as: smallpox, typhus, plague, severe influenza, measles, malaria, yellow fever, and many others  1st exposure infected everyone (called virgin soil diseases)

71. © T. M. Whitmore Consequences for Amerindians Pre-Columbian population of Latin America ~ 50-60 m Horrifying scale of loss  About 90% of Amerindian pop died in 100-150 yrs  Compare with European Black Death –it killed 25 - 35% in Europe over 100 yrs in 1300s Nadir (minimum) population ~ 5 m! Nadir Contemporary population ~ 40 m Contemporary population

72. © T. M. Whitmore Amerindian Population Collapse

73. © T. M. Whitmore

75. Amerindian & Mestizo Populations European men and Amerindian women produced mestizos Mestizos are a majority in most of Spanish-speaking Latin America Large minorities of pop speak Amerindian languages in: Mexico, Guatemala, Bolivia, Peru  E.g., new president of Bolivia speaks Aymara