1. Systems Analysis and Design
Alan Dennis, Barbara Wixom, and David Tegarden
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Slides by Fred Niederman
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2. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful.
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PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design
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3. Systems Analysis Chapter 4
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4. Key Definitions
The As-Is system is the current system and may or may not be computerized
The To-Be system is the new system that is based on updated requirements
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design
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5. Key Ideas
The goal of the analysis phase is to truly understand the requirements of the new system and develop a system that addresses them -- or decide a new system isn’t needed.
The line between systems analysis and systems design is very blurry.
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6. THE ANALYSIS PROCESS
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7. Analysis Across Areas Combines business and information technology
Balance expertise of users and analysts
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design
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8. The SDLC Process
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9. Three Steps of the Analysis Phase
Understanding the “As-Is” system
Identifying improvement opportunities
Developing the “To-Be” system concept
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design
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10. Three Fundamental Analysis Strategies
Business process automation (BPA)
Business Process Improvement (BPI)
Business Process Reengineering (BPR)
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11. Proposal Outline Table of contents Executive summary System request
Work plan
Analysis strategy
Recommended system
Feasibility analysis
Process model
Data Model
Appendices
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12. BUSINESS PROCESS AUTOMATION
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13. Business Process Automation
Goal:
Efficiency
for users
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14. Identifying Improvements in As-Is Systems
Problem Analysis
Asking users to identify problems
Rarely finds significant monetary benefits
Root Cause Analysis
Prioritizing problems
Tracing symptoms to their causes
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15. Root Cause Analysis Identify symptoms Trace each back to its causes
ROOT CAUSES
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16. Root Cause Analysis Example
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17. BUSINESS PROCESS IMPROVEMENT
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18. Business Process Improvement
Introducing evolutionary changes
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19. Duration Analysis Calculate time needed for each process step
Calculate time needed for overall process
Compare the two Develop process integration or parallelization
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20. Activity-Based Costing
Calculate cost of each process step
Consider both direct and indirect costs
Identify most costly steps and focus improvement efforts on them
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21. Benchmarking
Studying how other organizations perform the same business process
Informal benchmarking
Check with customers
Formal benchmarking
Establish formal relationship with other organization
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22. BUSINESS PROCESS REENGINEERING
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23. Business Process Reengineering
Radical
redesign of
business
processes
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24. Outcome Analysis
Consider desirable outcomes from customers’ perspective
Consider what the organization could enable the customer to do
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25. Breaking Assumptions Identify fundamental business rules
Systematically break each rule
Identify effects on the business if rule is broken
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26. Technology Analysis
Analysts list important and interesting technologies
Managers list important and interesting technologies
The group identifies how each might be applied to the business
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27. Activity Elimination
Identify what would happen if each organizational activity were eliminated
Use “force-fit” to test all possibilities
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28. Proxy Benchmarking List similar industries
Look for techniques from other industries that could be applied by the organization
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29. Process Simplification
Eliminate complexity from routine transactions
Concentrate separate processes on exception handling
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30. DEVELOPING AN ANALYSIS PLAN
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31. Developing an Analysis Strategy
Potential business value
Project cost
Breadth of analysis
Risk
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design
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32. Characteristics of Analysis Strategies
Business Business Business
Process Process Process
Automation Improvement Reeingineering
Potential Business Low-Moderate Moderate High
Value
Project Cost Low Low-Moderate High
Breadth of
Analysis Narrow Narrow-Moderate Very Broad
Risk Low-Moderate Low-Moderate Very High
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design
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33. CD Selections Understanding the as-is system Review documentation
Informal benchmarking
Identifying improvements
Problem analysis
Technology analysis
Outcome analysis
Developing a to-be system concept
Develop process model
Develop data model
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34. Your Turn
How do you know whether to use business process automation, business process improvement, or business process reengineering?
Provide two examples.
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design
Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

35. Avoid Classic Analysis Mistakes
Reduced analysis time
Requirement gold-plating
User over-specification of features
Developer gold-plating
Too many “cool” features
Lack of user involvement
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design
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36. Summary The analysis process aims to create value for the organization
Three main analysis strategies are BPA, BPI, and BPR
These strategies vary in potential business value, but also in potential cost and risk
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design
Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

37. Expanding the Domain
For an interesting variety of IT resources as well as a wealth of information on Business Process Reengineering, take a look at:
PowerPoint Presentation for Dennis, Wixom & Tegardem Systems Analysis and Design
Copyright 2001 © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.