1. Evolution & Application of GIS

2. Handling Spatial Data Manually
Sieve Mapping :
A technique that combines several map layers to identify sites meeting a number of criteria
Shortest Distance
Calculating Areas

3. Problems Inaccurate Time Consuming Difficult to repeat
Lack of Relative Information
Slow Speed of access and updating Information

4. Development of Computer Methods for Handling Spatial Data
System Approach
Theoretical framework for the development of GIS concepts and techniques
Holistic system Approach
Modeling of all aspects of real worlds
Considers how a process works
Metadiscipline

5. Development of Computer Methods for Handling Spatial Data
Computer Cartography
Also known as Digital mapping, automated cartography , or computer aided cartography
Is the generation , storage and editing of maps using a computer.
The Atlas of Britain
Work started in 1950 and published in 1963
Out of date material
SYMAP
Automated cartographic package (1965)quick production of maps but low quality
SYMAP Synagraphic Mapping, 1964
developed as general-purpose mapping package
output exclusively on line printer (poor resolution, low quality )
limited functionality but simple to use
first real demonstration of ability of computers to make maps

6. Development of Computer Methods for Handling Spatial Data
Spatial Statistics
In early 1960’s computer became available to help statisticians for spatial statistics and geographic analysis
Development in areas like measure of spatial distribution, 3-D Analysis, Network analysis and modeling techniques.(took place remote from GIS)
Synthetic data sets were used but GIS uses real world data and where analysis can be repeated many times.
Only few models are used in GIS like gravity models, location allocation models etc. (but in separate packages)

7. Development of Computer Methods for Handling Spatial Data
AM/FM (Automated Mapping and Facilities management)
Used to store information about utility facilities and link external files to electronic files
Automated mapping by itself allows storage and manipulation of map information.
AM/FM systems add the ability to link stores of information about the features mapped.
However, AM/FM is not used for spatial analysis, and it lacks the topological data structures of GIS.

8. Development of Computer Methods for Handling Spatial Data
CAD (Computer-Aided Design)
These systems were designed for drafting and design. (architectural design, engineering etc)
Used to enter and manipulate graphics data but GIS is used to store and analyze spatial data.
Provide no functions for the production or analysis of maps.
GIS/CAD hybrid packages are used to provide tools for the creation, editing and manipulation of graphics entities like site plans or design drawings

9. The Development of GIS The 1970s
Digital Multi-color Standard series Map produced digitally appeared in 1971 in UK
First GIS Conference (International Geographic Union)
GIS (Limited Analysis)
Computer cartography
Problems of Implementation with Management and Technical

10. Development of GIS cont’d…
The 1980s
Demand (Graphics,analysis,querying,topology)
Spatial Modeling
First Microcomputer
First Text book, International Journal on GIS

11. Development of GIS cont’d…
The 1990s
General purpose Software Packages containing many analysis operations
Data Encoding , Large Volume Data, Storage Devices
Data Shareability
Modeling Outside GIS Packages
Multimedia
GPS

12. Development of GIS cont’d…
The 2000s
Improved Data Model for 3D and temporal Databases
Data Volume problem disappear

13. Application of GIS
GIS are now used extensively in government, business, and research for a wide range of applications including environmental resource analysis, landuse planning, locational analysis, tax appraisal, utility and infrastructure planning, real estate analysis, marketing and demographic analysis, habitat studies, and archaeological analysis.

14. GIS Applications Agriculture And Land Use Crop Production Irrigation
Cropping Patterns
Soil

15. Natural Resources Management
One of the major areas of application natural resources management, including management of
wildlife habitat,
recreation resources,
floodplains,
wetlands,
agricultural lands,
forests.

16. Facilities Management
One of the largest areas of application has been in facilities management. Uses for GIS in this area have included
locating underground pipes and cables,
balancing loads in electrical networks,
planning facility maintenance

17. Land Management
Local, state, and federal governments have found GIS particularly useful in land management. GIS has been commonly applied in areas like
zoning and subdivision planning,
land acquisition,
environmental impact policy,
water quality management,
maintenance of ownership.

18. GIS Applications cont’d…
Municipal Management
Municipal GIS applications provide systematic collection ,updating ,Processing and distribution of land-related data.
Used for legal ,administrative , and economic decision-making, as well as for various planning activities
The terms Land Information Systems (LIS) and Land Record Information Systems (LRIS) are frequently used to refer to GISes that have been specialized for these Applications
Archeology
Made use of GIS techniques both to analyze known sites and to predict the location of undiscovered sites
Geology
GIS enables the geologist to work with the data more quickly ,more accurately and in ways that would not be practical using manual methods
Health Services
Hazard Mitigation