2. Stanford, January 27 2005 Solar flares, magnetars, and helioseismology H.S. Hudson SSL/UCB

3. Stanford, January 27 2005 Outline Working concept for flare physics Missing knowledge in the deep atmosphere Nature of impulse Magnetar behavior

4. Stanford, January 27 2005 Overlapping needs… HE astrophysicists tell helioseismologists where the flare impulse happens Helioseismologists tell HE astrophysicists what sunspot magnetic fields above and below  5000 = 1 must be like

5. Stanford, January 27 2005 Schrijver et al., Solar Phys. 206, 69, 2002

6. Stanford, January 27 2005 Four things the TRACE movie showed Early inward motions, prior to the eruption Dimming - the CME starting off Excitation of coupled normal modes in the arcade Arcade blowout But mainly, that the energy release is COMPACT and BRIEF

7. Stanford, January 27 2005 Forbes, T., JGR 105, 23,153, 2000 Gallagher, P. personal communication 2004

8. Stanford, January 27 2005 Archive cartoon from Gurman, 1987 - shows HE region nicely  0  -rays, magnetar  rays, below  = 1

9. Stanford, January 27 2005 Particle model uncertainties What is the source? Propagation at depth: B ~ P  (not divergence-free!) Ad-hoc assumption about wave distribution (for pitch-angle scattering)

10. Stanford, January 27 2005 MDI magnetic artifacts (D. Brown) show locations of particle precipitation in October 28, 2003 flare?

11. Stanford, January 27 2005 Energy and momentum Cross-sections and difficulty of inference Total energies in particles Recall Lin & Hudson 1976 (or Kane & Donnelly 1971): energetic electrons may contain the total flare energy after B 2 /8 

12. Stanford, January 27 2005 Ramaty et al., ApJ 455, 193, 1995: protons can rival electrons for total energy

13. Stanford, January 27 2005  EE BremsstrahlungNuclear excitation Bad

14. Stanford, January 27 2005 Flare/Magnetar comparison Flare impulse via particles above photosphere, ~10 32 ergs, localized, extended in time Magnetar impulse via  -rays below photosphere, ~10 22 ergs, distributed across hemisphere, 0.2 s duration

15. Stanford, January 27 2005