1. Snow line – where snow remains year round

3. Formation of Glacial Ice from Snow

4. Forming Glacial Ice Initial Form 2 weeks 7 weeks 8 weeks Snow Firn Glacial Ice

6. Glacier movement When glacier reaches critical mass (> 20m thick), flow occurs

8. Types of Glaciers slip Plastic deformation Ice Deformation with Slip

9. What happens as ice melts Ice melt flows down to bedrock through crevasses and moulins (large tunnels) Water between bedrock and ice sheet acts as lubricant Allows ice sheet to move faster toward the coastline

10. Ice movement-rate increases from ~30 cm per day in winter to ~40 cm per day in the summer

11. Terminus

12. Advance & Retreat: Moraines

13. Alpine Moraines and Till

14. Moraine Types

15. Anatomy of a Glacier

17. Piedmont glacier

18. Types of Glaciers – Piedmont & Tidewater Piedmont: Originally confined alpine, spread at foot of mountains Calving

19. Different kinds of glaciers

20. Ice extent Last Glacial Maximum (21,000 yr BP)

21. Retreat of North American (Laurentide) ice sheet

25. Different kinds of glaciers

26. Ice cap and continental (ice sheet) Sentinal Range, Antarctica

27. Ice cap (Vatnakjokull in Iceland) feeds “outlet glaciers”

28. Greenland Ice Sheet

29. Greenland