2. optic nerve

3. Striate Cortex (V1) Hubel & Wiesel 1 deg

4. Hallem & Carlson 2006 (via Rachel)

5. Hallem & Carlson 2006 amines lactones acids sulfur terpenes aldehydes ketones aromatics alcohols esters Odorant Receptors

6. Striate Cortex (V1) Hubel & Wiesel 1 deg

7. Striate Cortex (V1) 1 deg IT face cell Tsao et al. 2006

8. 11 20 faces! Marge Livingstone & Doris Tsao

9. Distribution of Face Selectivity Indices Marge Livingstone & Doris Tsao

10. x x x x x x x x x x x x Hubel & Wiesel 1962 LGN Striate Cortex X = excitation = inhibition + + +

11. R1R1 Sclar & Freeman 1982 response (spikes/s) orientation 80% contrast 40% contrast 80 0 -25º+25º0º0º

12. McAdams & Maunsell 1999 attend in attend out 1.0 0.5 0.0 -90º-60º-30º0º0º30º60º90º V4 response orientation

13. Kohn & Movshon 2004 0 50 100 -180 180 0 direction of motion spikes/s adapting direction

14. Kohn & Movshon 2004 0 50 100 -180 180 0 direction of motion spikes/s adapting direction

17. 140 spikes/s Early: 65 to 85 ms  = 45°  = 90°  = 135° Late: >150 ms 140 spikes/s Pack & Born 2001

18. 140 spikes/s Early: 65 to 85 ms  = 45°  = 90°  = 135° Late: >150 ms 140 spikes/s Pack & Born 2001

19. Lorençeau et al. 1993

20. Message TRANSMITTER SIGNAL RECEIVED SIGNAL NOISE SOURCE RECEIVER Message after Shannon and Weaver 1949 encoder decoder

21. visual field * Carlos Ponce

22. Shadlen & Newsome 1994 trial # sp/sec time (ms) Spikes from an MT Neuron: Identical Stimulus, 210 Repeats

23. Michele Fabre-Thorpe http://www.cerco.ups-tlse.fr/fr_vers/annuaire/michele_fabre_thorpe.htm# Rapid Scene Perception: Time of 1 st Spike?

24. x x x x x x x x x x x x Hubel & Wiesel 1962 LGN Striate Cortex X = excitation = inhibition + + +

28. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histogram_equalization

29. Attneave 1954

30. Webster, Mizokami, and Webster 2007