1. Factors affecting Income Strategies among households in Tanzanian Coastal Villages: Implications for Development-conservation initiatives Jennifer Sesabo International Max Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs Research Unit Sustainability and Global Change, Hamburg University June 09, 2005

2. Structure of presentation Introduction and objectives Conceptual framework Results and discussion Conclusion Methodology

3. Introduction 2/3 of the world population lives within 60km of the coastal shorelines. This makes coastal resource utilization and other employment opportunities to be potential to the livelihood of coastal population In Tanzania, 25% of the population depend on coastal resources for Employment Food Recreation services

4. continued For a long time, these coastal resources have been under severe pressure due population growth, tourism, imperfect markets, institutional failures and weak governmental management policies. This resulting into: -overexploitation of fishing resources - cutting of mangrove for fuel and construction -destruction of coral reefs and sand mining -use of fishing destructive methods -pollution - conversion of coastal areas to other land uses

5. Continued… As a result it is becoming increasingly uncertain for the coastal people to support themselves For about two decades there have been initiatives from international, NGOs and government organizations to promote sustainable use of resources But most of these initiatives as failed due to knowledge gap about the characteristics and behavior of households along the coast regarding their income strategies and their knowledge about the resources

6. objectives To examine the pattern of income strategies and their share in total household income. To enhance the understanding of the factors that influence their behavior regarding their participation in different income strategies, so as to give policy makers better informed strategies for designing effective conservation- development policies

7. Conceptual framework Several forces influence the decison of the household to participate in different activities. This includes: - incentives offered - risk associated - capacity of the households, which is determined by the assets endowment. The conceptual framework based on the concept developed, link assets endowment and activity choice in order to shed light on households activities participation decision-making process in the study area.

8. Continued.. Facilitating Factors Strategy choice Household Assets Household structure Objective of the study Physical Social Human Financial Natural Facilitating Factors Household structure Income strategy -Agriculture -Fishing -Seaweed farming Total income

9. Methodology Data from 2 villages (Nyamanzi & Mlingotini) collected between January and March 2004 ) Information collected include - demographic structure -income sources -assets endowments -problems inherent in coastal resources -attitude on management issues Sample 217 households (mlingotini=117 and Nyamanzi=100

10. continued..

14. Methodology- Models 1.Estimate activity participation (Tobit Model )

15. continued.. 2. Estimate Total Household Income (OLS)

16. Results: Activities participation rates, shares in total income in two villages Fishing income is more important for the livelihood of the coastal households in the study area

17. Results…The income shares by size of agriculture land This indicate that variation of households in income sources is due to assets heterogeneity 88.6$US 105.4$US 102.4 $US 341.7 $ US (fishing assets)

18. Results… Fishing activity The results shows that access to fishing assets through sharing and ownership and the resource trend are important factors shaping them to undertake fishing livelihood pathway.

19. Results… Agriculture activity The results shows that agricultural pathway is associated with landownership, participation in groups, participation in both fishing and agriculture activities, fishing assets access..

20. Results… Seaweed activity The results shows that seaweed farming pathway is associated with land ownership, participation in groups, fishing assets access, number of female and location.

21. Results… Total Household income The results shows that the entitlement to physical assets, resource trend, the mean age of adult members are important factors influence the households total income.

22. Conclusion Households heterogeneity in decision-making process between various income strategies is shaped by asset endowment, households’ structures, local institutions and location specific characteristics Establishment of credits is more important Recognition of complementarities between income accrued from various income strategies is important Better understand of social networks is essential Promotion of investment in rural infrastructure is needed

23. continued.. There is a need for policy makers and conservationists to take households heterogeneity into account when designing development-conservation policies This can be done through information gathering, so as to properly tailor in their approach when choosing initiatives for development and conservation issues

24. The future of rural coastal households and coastal resources may be bleak unless!!!!! policy makers have a common vision and purpose of understanding their behavior as well as characteristics and recognize their knowledge about coastal resources

25. Thank you for you attention