1. Food: An Ecosystem Perspective Biology 101 Laboratory Biology and Society Laboratory Exercise 10

2. Objectives When you have completed this lab, you will be able to: Identify a wide range of plant foods that are eaten worldwide Understand the geographic origin of major food species Understand the biodiversity available in our crop plants

3. Stump the Instructor

4. What food plant did you bring in? Where does it come from? Where is it grown now? Any interesting uses besides food? HW Review:

5. The Plants We Eat potatoes cassava sweet potato yam soybeans peanuts, groundnuts beans peas grasses roots & tubers roots & tubers legumes rice wheat corn, maize barley oats rye millet sorghum

6. Geographic Origin Food species have been spread by humans for thousands of years Often crops that are minor in their native range become major crops in different locations

7. Class Exercise: Geographic Origin Common processed foods labels: What species are on the ingredients list? Online, find natural origin of each species/ingredient How many different species; from how many continents?

8. Crop Biodiversity Many varieties selected from crop species Selection by humans can result in varieties of the same plant that look like separate species

9. Species or Variety? Different name but same species: Broccoli Collard greens Cabbage All are Brassica oleracea

14. Species or Variety? Same name but different species: Cabbage: Brassica oleracea Chinese Cabbage: Brassica campestris Mustard Cabbage: Brassica juncea

15. Brassica campestris Brassica oleracea

16. Brassica juncea Mustard cabbage

17. Crop Wheat Rice Corn Sorghum Soybeans Potatoes Cassava Tomatoes The Crop Gene Bank Accessions 850,000 420,000 262,000 168,500 176,000 31,000 28,000 77,500 Percent 90 95 80 70 80-90 35 90

18. HW: Biodiversity in Our Diet Go to a food store selling fresh produce: Survey the fruits and vegetables Identify the species in which you can find the most varieties in this store Choose 5 species with the most varieties Report the total number of “varieties” in each of these high-diversity species and list each variety

19. Apples

20. Note the signs

21. Hints Only look at the five species with the highest diversity Note that some species come in very different (and unexpected) forms [Cabbage, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, etc.; all the kinds of lettuce] The whole idea is for you to look critically at the entire produce section, not just at things you usually buy

22. Ethical Discussion

23. Fig. 2. The abundance of fishes decreases as the populations of humans increase. This indicates that humans adversely affect the fish populations, probably by overfishing. The human populations are represented as per km 2 of reef. human population density/reef km2 metric tonnes of fish/hectare

28. Metric tons per hectare

29. Designating 25% of the coastal zone a no-take marine reserve. Restrict fishing to only people of Hawaiian descent Keep things as they are where everyone can fish when and where they want. Three scenarios to cope with diminishing fish stocks Which do you support, and why?