1. relative plate velocities based on seafloor spreading rates and directions plus directions from earthquake slip vectors

2. Ways to measure deformation Triangulation network in Mexico Laser-based total station surveying Satellite Laser Ranging Very Long Baseline Interferometry VLBI

3. Scale 10 mm/yr Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) determinations of plate velocities HARTRAO

4. SLR velocities compared to NUVEL velocities from seafloor spreading and earthquake data

5. More ways to measure deformation Types of GPS: Hand-held: accuracy ~10-30 m instantaneous Campaign mode: accuracy ~1-5 cm/yr Continuous mode: accuracy ~1-3 mm/yr

6. More GPS Plate motions measured by GPS Problem, only possible to measure deformation at specific points)

7. No matter how measured, deformation measurements can be used to create a velocity field. Now what? Regional velocity field SCEC Velocity model 3.0

8. Make profiles to study fault slip rates How do we know where to make profiles? Largest recent earthquakes on previously unrecognized or under-appreciated faults! Regional velocity field Bourne et al., 1998

9. Microplates in western U.S. Seth Stein’s webpage Stable Sierra Nevada block Colorado Plateau McCaffrey et al., 2003 Measured displacements Remove subduction zone inter- seismic signal

10. Deformation in eastern Mediterranean Anatolia rotates as a rigid microplate, about pole near Sinai Aegean interpreted as diffuse extension, shown by steadily increasing rates NUBIA SINAI ARABIA EURASIA Seth Stein’s website

11. Deformation in eastern Mediterranean But deformation can also be described by several microplates Nyst & Thatcher, 2004

12. Seafloor Geodesy Attach stations to seafloor Seafloor stations communicate with float with communicates with GPS satellites From: Gagnon et al., 2005 Example of subduction deformation on seafloor off Peru

13. Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferomtery InSAR Both from: JPL From: H. Zebker Satellites: Repeat pass Fly over once, repeat days-years later * Measures deformation and topography Space shuttle: Shown here: Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Measures topography, deformation with other missions Aircraft: Shown here: AIRSAR Measures topography, ocean currents

15. Age, Ma moho Seafloor spreading is a tape recorder of the geomagnetic field! crust upper mantle The recording head of the tape recorder The tape drive The recorded reversal chronology

16. Ocean Ridge system East Pacific Rise Mid-Atlantic Ridge Modern view of ocean bathymetry derived from satellite altimetry. see EXPLORING THE OCEAN BASINS WITH SATELLITE ALTIMETER DATA Global Bathymetric Prediction for Ocean Modelling and Marine Geophysics

17. Global bathymetry Map shown in next slide

18. Ship tracks across the East Pacific Rise which obtained the magnetic anomalies shown in the next slide. The measurements were made in the 1960’s by the Columbia University research vessel Eltanin. 21 20 19

19. The Eltanin 19 profile is among the most influential geophysical profiles ever published. It provided the “smoking gun” evidence for seafloor spreading, evidence that turned a majority of skeptics into a majority of believers. The profile was published together with three others in 1966 by Pitman and Heirtzler in “Magnetic Anomalies over the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge” (Science, 154, 1164-1171). The figures above comes from that paper. The track lines (ELT 19-21) of the research vessel Eltanin are shown together with the correlated magnetic anomalies (numbered dashed lines) and the 2000 fathom bathymetric contour. The crosses are earthquake epicenters. The inferred active spreading center would be between anomalies 1 and 1’. The voyage occurred in 1965. The famous Eltanin 19 profile

20. The four profiles show total intensity anomalies and bathymetry (ocean depth in km) along the four tracks shown on the previous map. Note that track 20 crosses the ridge system twice. The vertical scale for total intensity anomaly,  F, is shown in “gammas”. This is the same as nanoTeslas or nT. The horizontal lines are at zero anomaly; the scale is thus minus 500 to plus 500 nT. Eltanin profiles of magnetic anomalies

21. The incredible symmetry of the Eltanin 19 profile ESE WNW total intensity anomaly calculated from model WNW ESE measured profile of total intensity anomalies mirror image of measured profile to show symmetry +500 -500 +500 -500 0 0

22. Map of magnetic anomaly numbers Deep Sea Drilling sites

23. magnetic anomaly number Age (Ma) from geomagnetic reversal chronology extrapolated in South Atlantic assuming constant rate of spreading paleontological age, Ma Seafloor ages from deep sea drilling versus geomagnetic reversal chronology Deep sea drilling in the South Atlantic Ocean

24. Chronology of geomagnetic field reversals magnetic anomaly “number” Ocean floor age, millions of years (Ma), determined largely from deep sea drilling

25. Geologic time scale http://www.geo.ucalgary.ca/~macrae/timescale/timescale.html 4600 My 600 My Age range of modern ocean floor

26. Transform faults