2. RECENT CHANGES MAJOR TOPIC OVER LAST 15 YEARS VAST CHANGE IN SOCIAL ROLES 2/3 OF MARRIED WOMEN WORK 60% OF WOMEN WITH SMALL CHILDREN WORK (19% IN 1960) 7% OF TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS HAVE WORKING FATHER AND HOUSEWIVE

3. QUESTIONS HOW ARE THESE SOCIAL CHANGES RELATED TO MENTAL HEALTH? DO WOMEN OR MEN HAVE MORE MENTAL ILLNESS? DO MEN AND WOMEN HAVE DIFFERENT TYPES OF M.I.? HOW IS GENDER RELATED TO THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL ILLNESS?

4. GENDER BOTH BIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY FOCUS ON GENDER AS CONSTANT PROPERTY OF INDIVIDUALS BIOLOGY - PHYSIOLOGY, HORMONES, REPRODUCTION, ETC. PSYCHOLOGY - DIFFERENCES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL ORIENTATIONS

5. SOCIOLOGICAL DISTRESS ARISES OUT OF SOCIAL ROLES POWER, RESOURCES, AUTONOMY ASSOCIATED WITH MALE ROLES OPPOSITE WITH FEMALE ROLES REGARDLESS OF WHETHER MEN OR WOMEN OCCUPY THE ROLES

6. SOCIAL ROLES WOMEN IN TRADITIONALLY MALE ROLES HAVE LESS DISTRESS MEN IN TRADITIONALLY FEMALE ROLES HAVE MORE DISTRESS MEN AND WOMEN IN SAME ROLES WILL HAVE SAME DISTRESS

7. CULTURAL EXPECTATIONS NOT JUST ROLES BUT EXPECTATIONS OF MEN AND WOMEN IN ROLES POWERFUL MAN VS. WOMAN UNEMPLOYED MAN VS. HOUSEWIFE DISTRESS FROM COMBINATION OF ROLES + EXPECTATIONS

8. SOCIAL ROLES (GOVE) RATES OF M.I. HISTORICALLY SPECIFIC NOT UNIVERSAL - CHANGE OVER TIME AS ROLES CHANGE BEFORE WWII - WOMEN’S ROLES VALUED RELATIVELY EQUAL RATES OF M.I. AFTER WWII - HOUSEWIVE ROLE

9. AFTER WWII WOMEN’S ROLES MORE STRESSFUL THAN MEN’S HOUSEWIVE ROLE IS FRUSTRATING, UNDEMANDING, UNREWARDED WORKING WOMEN FACE ROLE OVERLOAD AND DISCRIMINATION UNCLEAR EXPECTATIONS

10. PREDICTIONS MARRIED WOMEN HAVE MORE DISTRESS THAN MARRIED MEN SINGLE MEN AND WOMEN EQUAL

11. MARRIAGE AND DISTRESS SINGLE MEN AND WOMEN EQUAL MARRIED MEN < MARRIED WOMEN IMPORTANCE OF ROLES

12. DISTRESS, WORK AND MARRIAGE HOUSEWIVES > DISTRESS THAN WORKING WOMEN WORKING WOMEN > WORKING MEN ROLE OVERLOAD UNEMPLOYED MEN WORST

13. ROLES ARE IMPORTANT SAME ROLES, SAME DISTRESS - E.G. SINGLE PEOPLE MALE ROLES HAVE LESS DISTRESS - EMPLOYMENT, RESOURCES, LESS OVERLOAD FEMALE ROLES HAVE MORE DISTRESS - NO JOBS, LOWER EARNINGS, MORE OVERLOAD

14. CHANGES OVER TIME 1960’S - HUSBANDS WITH WORKING WIVES HAVE MORE DISTRESS NO LONGER TRUE 1990’S - HUSBANDS WITH WIVES EARNING MORE THAN THEY DO HAVE MORE DISTRESS (NOW TRUE IN 1/3 OF FAMILIES)

15. CHANGES OVER TIME RATES GOING UP WOMEN > MEN DIFFERENCES SMALLER NOW BECAUSE MEN RISING MORE RAPIDLY

16. LIMITS OF SOCIAL ROLE THEORY OVERSIMPLIFIED HARD TO EXPLAIN MEN’S DISTRESS STUDIES BIASED BECAUSE ONLY USE FEMALE TYPES OF MENTAL ILLNESS – USUALLY DISTRESS/DEPRESSION

18. TYPES OF ILLNESS LITTLE GENDER DIFFERENCE FOR PSYCHOSES WOMEN = 2/3 OF DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, DISTRESS, SUICIDE ATTEMPTS, ALMOST ALL EATING DISORDERS MEN = 2/3 OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG PROBLEMS, 4X SUICIDES, ALMOST ALL GAMBLING OVERALL RATES EQUAL

19. FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENCE ARE MALE AND FEMALE EXPRESSIONS OF MENTAL ILLNESS FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENTS? E.G. EATING DISORDERS AND GAMBLING COMPARABLE SEX- TYPED EXPRESSIONS? E.G. DEPRESSION AND ALCOHOLISM

20. REASONS CULTURAL EXPECTATIONS ABOUT GENDER ROLES WOMEN INTERNALIZE WOMEN EXPECTED NOT TO EXTERNALIZE MEN EXTERNALIZE MEN EXPECTED NOT TO INTERNALIZE

22. TREATMENT DIFFERENCES WOMEN ABOUT 2/3 OF OUTPATIENTS MEN ABOUT 60% OF INPATIENTS

23. INPATIENT TREATMENT MEN MORE LIKELY THAN WOMEN TO BE INPATIENTS MEN’S SYMPTOMS MORE TROUBLESOME AND VIOLENT MEN DELAY TREATMENT UNTIL MORE SEVERE

24. OUTPATIENT TREATMENT WOMEN MORE LIKELY TO DEFINE SELVES AS HAVING PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS WOMEN MORE LIKELY TO SEEK MENTAL HEALTH TREATMENT WOMEN MORE LIKELY TO REMAIN IN TREATMENT - PATIENT ROLE

25. SUMMARY ROLES AND EXPECTATIONS, AS WELL AS PERSONS, ARE IMPORTANT SAME ROLES, SIMILAR RATES OF MENTAL ILLNESS MEN AND WOMEN HAVE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MENTAL ILLNESS MEN AND WOMEN HAVE DIFFERENT PATTERNS OF TREATMENT