1. Flow-Driven Conical Emission in Ultrarelativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions arXiv:1005.5461 Barbara Betz Thanks to: Miklos Gyulassy, Jorge Noronha, Dirk Rischke, Giorgio Torrieri

2. 2 proton The QCD Phase Diagram initial state pre-equilibrium expanding fireball hadronization hadronic phase and freeze-out S. Bass, Talk Quark Matter 2001  Insights into theory of strong interactions (QCD)  Medium created in heavy- ion (HIC) collisions similar to the one created after Big Bang  Explore the phase diagram of QCD with HIC RHIC FAIR LHC 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

3. 3 The Medium created in a HIC  Data described by hydrodynamics  Small  Reproducing the elliptic flow v 2 P. Romatschke and U. Romatschke, Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 172301 (2007) Medium behaves like an almost ideal fluid IF the medium behaves like a fluid Particles interact, expansion determined by density gradient BNL press release, April 18 2005. 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

4. PHENIX, Phys. Rev. C 77, 011901 (2008) Au+Au / p+p = 200 GeV 4 Jet - Studies in HIC I STAR, Nucl. Phys. A 774, 129 (2006) 4 < p T trigger < 6 GeV/c 0.15 < p T assoc < 4 GeV/c Reflect interaction of jet with medium Mach cones have to occur because of fluid dynamics Redistribution of energy to lower p T - particles Mach cone angle sensitive to EoS: H. Stöcker, Nucl. Phys. A 750, 121 (2005), J. Casalderrey-Solana et al. Nucl. Phys. A 774, 577 (2006) By observation:  Confirm fast thermalization & Study EoS of the fluid 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

5. 5 STAR, arXiv: 1004.2377 see also PHENIX, Phys. Rev. C 77, 011901 (2008) Position of away-side peaks does not change strongly with p T assoc Not due to Cherenkov gluon radiation What happens to larger p T trigger ? Jet - Studies in HIC II 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

6. 6 Investigation of path length dependence: Double-peaked structure becomes more pronounced out-of-plane A. Sickeles [PHENIX], Eur. Phys. J. C 61, 583 (2009) Jet - Studies in HIC III 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

7. 7 Centrality dependence: double-peaked structure for central collisions one peak structure for very peripheral collisions PHENIX, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 052301 (2006) J. Jia, Eur. Phys. J. C 62, 255 (2009) Jet - Studies in HIC IV Energy Scan: double-peaked structure occurs at about the same angle for different collision energies 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

8. 8 Modelling Jets using … Conclusion about Mach cones? pQCDAdS/CFT Weakly- coupled theory Strongly- coupled theory Energy density perturbation J. Casalderrey-Solana et al., Nucl. Phys. A 774, 577 (2006) Linearized Hydro- dynamics (3+1)d Ideal Hydro v=0.99955v=0.75 Momentum density perturbation R. Neufeld et al, Phys. Rev. C 78, 041901 (2008) P. Chesler and L. Yaffe, Phys. Rev. D 78, 045013 (2008) BB et al., Phys. Rev. C 79, 034902 (2009) Diffusion wake 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

9. 9 Modelling Jets in Hydrodynamics 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

10. 10 Modelling of Jets STAR, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 152301 (2005) residue of energy and momentum given by the jet Assumption of isochronous/isothermal freeze-out No interaction afterwards mainly flow driven  Conversion into particles Freeze-out: Jets can be modelled using (ideal) hydrodynamics: e +p v.  Medium created in a HIC can be described using hydrodynamics 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

11. 11 Expanding Medium I Consider different jet paths b=0 Apply Glauber initial conditions and an ideal Gas EoS for massless gluons Focus on radial flow contribution Experimental results based on many events A. K. Chaudhuri, Phys. Rev. C 75, 057902 (2007), A. K. Chaudhuri, Phys. Rev. C 77, 027901 (2008) Two-particle correlation (T freeze-out < T crit = 130 MeV): near-side jet dE/dt = 1 GeV/fm Jet 150 E tot = 5 GeV 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

12. 12 Expanding Medium II E tot = 5 GeV broad away-side peak double peaked structure due to non-central jets T trig p T trig = 3.5 GeV PHENIX, Phys. Rev. C 77, 011901 (2008) v jet =0.999 BB et al., arXiv: 1005.5461 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

13. 13 Expanding Medium III E tot = 10 GeV Strong impact of the Diffusion wake broad away-side peak double peaked structure Causes smaller dip for p T =2 GeV T trig p T trig = 7.5 GeV 6 < p T trigger < 10 1.5 < p T assoc < 2.5 STAR, arXiv: 1004.2377  Yield Path length dependence Centrality dependence 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

14. 14 Expanding Medium IV Comparing different deposition scenarios, one sees that „cone“ angle approximately the same for different deposition scenarios T assoc p T assoc = 2.0 GeV: No double-peaked structure for pure energy deposition scenario due to thermal smearking T trig p T trig = 3.5 GeV T assoc p T assoc = 3.0 GeV T assoc p T assoc = 2.0 GeV v jet =0.999 BB et al., arXiv: 1005.5461 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

15. 15 Expanding Medium V Conical emission angle also appears for subsonic jets Not a Mach cone Considering a bottom quark (M=4.5 GeV), propagating at v jet < c s (on-shell energy-momentum deposition scenario) T assoc p T assoc = 2.0 GeV Cu+Cu: Similar away-side shoulder width, T assoc double-peak structure reappars for p T assoc = 3 GeV BB et al., arXiv: 1005.5461 PHENIX, PRL98, 232302 (2007) 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

16. 16 Some caveats 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

17. 17 ZYAM & Co.  ZYAM (Zero Yield At Minimum): Can lead to a double-peaked structure  Two-source model: Can one assume that the correlations from flow anisotropy and jets are uncorrelated? How can one proof/disproof the two-source model? J. Ulery [STAR], Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 16, 2005 (2007) p trig T =3 – 4 GeV, p assoc T =1 – 2 GeV  Three-particle correlations seem to corroborate Mach cone idea  What’s the effect of ZYAM?  No agreement with 3-particle cumulant method C. Pruneau, Phys. Rev. C 79, 044907 (2009) J. Ulery [STAR], PoS LHC07, 036 (2007) D. d’Enterria and BB., Springer Lecture Notes (2008) 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

18. 18 Some more caveats 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

19. 19 Hot Spots I Can fluctuating initial condition explain the 2+3-particle correlations? Takahashi et al, PRL 103, 242301 (2009) F. Grassi, Talk at the Glasma Workshop, BNL, May 2010 R. Andrade et al., arXiv: 0912.0803 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

20. 20 Hot Spots II Check with one single hot spot Heavy quark jets are not affected 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz Au,  e/e 0 =0.2

21. 21 Fluctuating Initial Conditions 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

22. 22 Initial Fluctuations I P. Sorensen, arXiv:1002.4878, B. Alver et al., Phys. Rev. C 81, 054905 (2010) Glauber initial conditions: due to symmetry, odd Fourier components vanish higher Fourier components may occur Fluctuating initial conditions: B. Alver,, Talk at the Glasma Workshop, BNL, May 2010 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

23. 23 Initial Fluctuations II B. Alver et al., arXiv: 1007.5469 B. Alver et al., Phys. Rev. C 81, 054905 (2010), B. Alver et al., arXiv: 1007.5469 H. Petersen et al., arXiv: 1008.0625 v 3 not negligable small v 3 is extensively studied Calculating v 3 using a viscous hydro model with initial conditions deformed according to the eccentricities from a Glauber and a KLM (CGC) model 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

24. 24 Initial Fluctuations III  Correlation in  1 -  2  1/2 120°  No correlation in  1 -  2 p trig T =3 – 4 GeV, p assoc T =1 – 2 GeV J. Ulery [STAR], Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 16, 2005 (2007) B. Abelev et al. (STAR), arXiv: 0912.2977 3 < p T trig < 10GeV, 1 < p T assoc < 3GeV 0-12% Au+Au What are the consequences of triangular flow? Do we only see fluctuating initial conditions? What is the difference of v 3 and the impact of hot spots? B. Alver et al., Phys. Rev. C 81, 054905 (2010) Study of heavy quark jets needed 120° 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

25. Summary  „Conical“ signal can be created (general effect): by averaging over wakes created by jets in different events. There is a deflection of particles emitted due to collective transverse flow. Structure cannot directly be related to EoS, but is a measure for the flow Quite insensitive to deposition mechanism, jet velocity (even for subsonic jets), and system size Necessary to study heavy-flavor tagged jets. 25  Measured away-side structure may be due to initial fluctuations Mach cones have to occur in heavy-ion collisions if there is a fluid 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

26. 26 Backup 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

27. 27 Probing Matter Like in medicine, hard probes can be used to investigate the medium properties If created matter is opaque, a jet depositing its energy should eventually disappear jet suppression STAR, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91 (2003) 072304 4 < p T trigger < 6 GeV/c p T assoc > 2 GeV/c What can the energy lost tell us about the medium properties? Trigger particle University Wuppertal, “Schul-Vorlesungen zur Physik” 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

28. 28 Initial Fluctuations 0-30% Au+Au PHOBOS, J. Phys. G 35, 104080 (2008) 0-10% Au+Au, v 2 ZYAM subtracted p T trig > 2.5 GeV, p T assoc > 1.0 GeV Takahashi et al, PRL 103, 242301 (2009) v 2 correlations also extend out to  > 2 Fluctuating initial conditions (NEXUS) also lead to a ridge structure 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

29. 29 Punch-Through Jet 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

30. 30 t=4.5/v fm v=0.999 Punch – Through Jet I Applying a static medium and an ideal Gas EoS for massless gluons Maximal fluid response BB et al., Phys. Rev. C 79, 034902 (2009) Assume: Near-side jet is not modified by medium 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

31. 31 Punch – Through Jet II Diffusion wake causes peak in jet direction Normalized, background-subtracted isochronous Cooper-Frye at mid-rapidity Energy Flow Distribution Assuming: Particles in subvolume will be emitted into the same direction p T = 5 GeV BB et al., Phys. Rev. C 79, 034902 (2009) 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

32. 32 Creation of Bow Shock for smaller v strengthens peak in jet direction Does the jet-pattern reproduce the features of a Mach cone? Velocity dependence of the emission angle p T = 5 GeV Punch – Through Jet III BB et al., Phys. Rev. C 79, 034902 (2009) 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

33. 33 Still influence of diffusion wake Transverse momentum deposition: from explosion of matter t=4.5/v fm Vorticity conservation Punch – Through Jet IV BB et al., Phys. Rev. C 79, 034902 (2009) 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

34. 34 Punch – Through vs Stopped Similar freeze-out patterns p T = 5 GeV BB et al., Phys. Rev. C 79, 034902 (2009) p T = 5 GeV Punch-Through JetStopped Jet 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

35. 35 The Static Medium 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

36. 36 Stopped Jet I Applying a static medium and an ideal Gas EoS for massless gluons Assume: Near-side jet is not modified by medium Maximal fluid response Jet decelerating from v=0.999 according to Bethe-Bloch formalism a=-1.36 GeV/fm Simplest back-reaction from the medium Bragg Peak adjusts path length BB et al., Phys. Rev. C 79, 034902 (2009) 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

37. 37 Stopped Jet II Mach cone for sound waves Diffusion wake t=4.5/v fm BB et al., Phys. Rev. C 79, 034902 (2009) 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

38. 38 Stopped Jet III Diffusion wake causes peak in jet direction Normalized, background-subtracted isochronous Cooper-Frye at mid-rapidity Energy Flow Distribution Assuming: Particles in subvolume will be emitted into the same direction p T = 5 GeV BB et al., Phys. Rev. C 79, 034902 (2009) Any conclusions about deposition mechanism??? 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

39. 39 Stopped Jet IV Jet stops after t=4.5/v fm Vorticity conservation t FO =4.5/v fmt FO =6.5/v fmt FO =8.5/v fm Diffusion wake still present BB et al., Phys. Rev. C 79, 034902 (2009) 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

40. 40 Stopped Jet V t FO =4.5/v fmt FO =6.5/v fmt FO =8.5/v fm Diffusion wake causes peak in jet direction Larger impact of thermal smearing BB et al., Phys. Rev. C 79, 034902 (2009) 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

41. 41 Different Jet-Energy Loss Modells 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

42. 42 Jets in pQCD I Mach cone in coordinate space R. Neufeld et al, Phys. Rev. C 78, 041901 (2008) Considering a static medium and linearized hydrodynamics for a punch-though jet R. Neufeld et al., Phys. Rev. C 79, 054909 (2009) Signal dissolves with viscosity 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

43. 43 Jets in pQCD II R. Neufeld and T. Renk, arXiv:1001.5068. Crescendo Deposition Scenario 1 can lead to a double-peaked structure, depending on  and  /s Deflection due to background flow and averaging matters and can lead to the double-peaked away-side structure depending on cross-section H. Li et al., arXiv: 1006.2893. Likewise, a jet shower can result in a double- peaked away-side H. Li et al., arXiv: 1006.2893. Static medium 1 Increasing number of radiated gluons deposit energy E p >>  E tot 2 local medium excitation parameter 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

44. 44 Non-Mach correlations caused by Neck region Jets in AdS/CFT J. Noronha et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 102301 (2009) 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

45. 45 Heavy Quark Jets Compare weakly and strongly coupled models using heavy punch-through jet pQCD: Neufeld et al. source for a heavy quark AdS/CFT: Stress tables with R. Neufeld et al, Phys. Rev. C 78, 041901 (2008) p T = 3.14 GeV BB et al., Phys. Lett. B 675, 340 (2009) No Mach-like peaks: AdS/CFT: Strong influence of the Neck region Static medium and isochronous freeze-out needed for comparison t=4.5/v fm S. Gubser et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 012301 (2008) BB et al., Phys. Lett. B 675, 340 (2009) J. Noronha et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 102301 (2009) 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

46. 46 The Expanding Medium 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

47. 47 Expanding Medium Satarov et al, PLB 627:64 (2005) Consequences of expansion? Transverse flow causes distortion Expansion broadens Mach cone angle Predictions: Radial flow, Elliptic flow Mach cones are sensitive to the background flow Qualitative, model-independent effect 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

48. 48 Expanding Medium Jet 90Jet 120 Jet 150 Jet 180 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

49. 49 Expanding Medium E tot = 5 GeV broad away-side peak Pure energy depositionNo conical distribution in expanding medium for p T =1 GeV and p T =2 GeV Jet 180: No peaks on away-side T trig p T trig = 3.5 GeV 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

50. 50 Expanding Medium E tot = 5 GeV broad away-side peak Pure momentum deposition The same p T -dependence as for energy and momentum deposition T trig p T trig = 3.5 GeV double peaked structure 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

51. 51 Expanding Medium Flow profile at freeze-out after background subtraction Jet 180Jet 150 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

52. 52 Expanding Medium Jet deposition stopped E tot = 5 or 10 GeV T trig p T trig = 3.5 and 7.5 GeV 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

53. 53 Expanding Medium For b=6 fm Distortion of the conical structure Dependence on background flow (centrality) 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

54. 54 Miscellaneous 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

55. 55 MARTINI + MUSIC MARTINI: Modular Algorithm for Relativistic Treatment of Heavy IoN Interactions Incorporating an event-averaged MARTINI source term into the (3+1)d hydro evolution MUSIC (MUScl – Monotonic Upstream Centered Stream [for conservaion laws] - for Ion Collisions) B. Schenke et al., Phys. Rev. C 80, 054913 (2009), B. Schenke et al., arXiv:1004.1408 B. Schenke, Talk at the RHIC & AGS Annual User’s Meeting, BNL, June 2010 Qualitative similar result 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

56. 56 BAMPS BAMPS: Boltzmann Approach of MultiParton Scatterings A transport algorithm solving the Boltzmann equations for on-shell partons with pQCD interactions C. Greiner, Talk at the Opening Symposium of the JET Collaboration, Berkeley, June 2010 Box scenario, no expansion, massless Boltzmann gas interactions, 2 -> 2 The shock front (Mach front) gets broader and vanish with more dissipation 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

57. 57 Full Jet Reconstruction I J. Putschke, Talk at RHIC and AGS Users Meeting 2009 Full jet reconstruction questions ZYAM 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

58. 58 Full Jet Reconstruction II No apparent v 2 modulation in jet-hadron vs. di-hadron correlations J. Putschke, Talk at RHIC and AGS Users Meeting 2009 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

59. 59 Full Jet Reconstruction III Jet-hadron away-side significantly narrower J. Putschke, Talk at RHIC and AGS Users Meeting 2009 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

60. 60 Full Jet Reconstruction IV What happened to the Mach cone? J. Putschke, Talk at RHIC and AGS Users Meeting 2009 Strong diffusion wake! Flow profile at freeze-out after background subtraction Jet 150 Test Proposal: Take a hydro-jet event, apply different jet reconstruction algorithms and compare them Jet 180 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

61. 61 Hot Spots Evolution of a hot spot R. Andrade et al., arXiv: 0912.0803 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

62. 62 Experimental data show superposition of Mach cone structure and deflected jets J. Ulery [STAR], Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 16, 2005 (2007) Deflected jetMach Cone Three-particle correlations Is the double-peaked structure due to a Mach cone formation? p trig T =3 – 4 GeV, p assoc T =1 – 2 GeV No agreement with 3-particle cumulant method C. Pruneau, Phys. Rev. C 79, 044907 (2009) What’s the effect of ZYAM? 08/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz

63. 6308/17/10 HCBM 2010 Workshop, Budapest Barbara Betz Jet - Medium Models W. G. Holzmann [PHENIX], arXiv:0907.4833 [nucl-ex] W. Li et al., Phys. Rev. C 80, 064913 (2009)