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1 Chapter 8 Virtual Memory Virtual memory is a storage allocation scheme in which secondary memory can be addressed as though it were part of main memory.

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Presentation on theme: "1 Chapter 8 Virtual Memory Virtual memory is a storage allocation scheme in which secondary memory can be addressed as though it were part of main memory."— Presentation transcript:

1 1 Chapter 8 Virtual Memory Virtual memory is a storage allocation scheme in which secondary memory can be addressed as though it were part of main memory  Size of virtual storage is limited by the amount of secondary memory available Virtual address is the address assigned to a location in virtual memory

2 2 Keys to Virtual Memory 1) Memory references are logical addresses dynamically translated into physical addresses at run time –A process may be swapped in and out of main memory, occupying different regions at different times during execution 2) A process may be broken up into pieces (pages or segments) that do not need to be located contiguously in main memory

3 3 Breakthrough in Memory Management If both of those two characteristics are present, –then it is not necessary that all of the pages or all of the segments of a process be in main memory during execution. If the next instruction, and the next data location are in memory then execution can proceed –at least for a time

4 4 Execution of a Process OS brings into main memory a few pieces of the program –Resident set: portion of process that is in main memory Execution proceeds smoothly as long as all memory references are to locations that are in the resident set An interrupt (memory access fault) is generated when an address is needed that is not in main memory

5 5 Execution of a Process OS places the process in a blocking state Piece of process that contains the logical address is brought into main memory –OS issues a disk I/O Read request –Another process is dispatched to run while the disk I/O takes place –An interrupt is issued when disk I/O complete which causes OS to place the affected process in the Ready state

6 6 Implications of this new strategy More efficient processor utilization –More processes may be maintained in main memory because only load in some of the pieces of each process –More likely a process will be in the Ready state at any particular time A process may be larger than main memory –Restriction in programming is lifted –OS automatically loads pieces of a process into main memory as required

7 7 Real and Virtual Memory Real memory –Main memory, the actual RAM, where a process executes Virtual memory –Memory on disk –Allows for effective multiprogramming and relieves the user of tight constraints of main memory

8 8 Thrashing A condition in which the system spends most of its time swapping pieces rather than executing instructions. It happens when OS frequently throws out a piece just before it is used To avoid this, OS tries to guess, based on recent history, which pieces are least likely to be used in the near future.

9 9 Principle of Locality Program and data references within a process tend to cluster  only a few pieces of a process will be needed over a short period of time It is possible to make intelligent guesses about which pieces will be needed in the future This suggests that virtual memory may work efficiently

10 10 A Processes Performance in VM Environment During the lifetime of the process, references are confined to a subset of pages.

11 11 Support Needed for Virtual Memory Hardware must support paging and segmentation OS must be able to manage the movement of pages and/or segments between secondary memory and main memory

12 12 Paging Each process has its own page table Each page table entry contains the frame number of the corresponding page in main memory Two extra bits are needed to indicate: –P: whether the page is in main memory or not –M: whether the contents of the page has been altered since it was last loaded

13 13 Paging Table It is not necessary to write an unmodified page out when it comes to time to replace the page in the frame that it currently occupies

14 14 Address Translation The page no. is used to index the page table and look up the frame no. The frame no. is combined with the offset to produce the real address

15 15 Page Tables Page tables can be very large –Consider a system that supports 2 31 =2Gbytes virtual memory with 2 9 =512-byte pages. The number of entries in a page table can be as many as 2 22 Most virtual memory schemes store page tables in virtual memory Page tables are subject to paging

16 16 Two-Level Hierarchical Page Table is composed of 2 20 4-kbyte (2 12 ) pages Composed of 2 20 4- byte page table entries, occupying 2 10 pages Composed of 2 10 4- byte page table entries

17 17 Address Translation for Hierarchical page table The root page always remains in main memory

18 18 Translation Lookaside Buffer Each virtual memory reference can cause two physical memory accesses –One to fetch the page table –One to fetch the data To overcome this problem a high-speed cache is set up for page table entries –Called a Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) –Contains page table entries that have been most recently used

19 19 Translation Lookaside Buffer

20 20 TLB operation TLB hit TLB miss By the principle of locality, most virtual memory references will be to locations in recently used pages. Therefore, most references will involve page table entries in the cache.

21 21 Page Size Page size is an important hardware design decision Smaller page size –  less amount of internal fragmentation –  more pages required per process  larger page tables  some portion of page tables must be in virtual memory  there may be double page fault (first to bring in the needed portion of the page table and second to bring in the process page)

22 22 Page Size Large page size is better because –Secondary memory is designed to efficiently transfer large blocks of data

23 23 Further complications to Page Size Small page size  a large number of pages will be available in main memory for a process  as time goes on during execution, the pages in memory will all contain portions of the process near recent references  low page fault rate

24 24 Increased page size  causes pages to contain locations further from any recent reference  the effect of the principle of locality is weakened  page fault rate rises Further complications to Page Size

25 25 Example Page Size The design issue of page size is related to the size of physical main memory and program size. At the same time that main memory is getting larger, the address space used by applications is also growing. architectures that support multiple page sizes

26 26 Segmentation Segmentation allows the programmer to view memory as consisting of multiple address spaces or segments. Segments may be of unequal size. Each process has its own segment table.

27 27 Segment Table A bit is needed to determine if segment is already in main memory, if present, –Segment base is the starting address corresponding segment in main memory –Length is the length of the segment Another bit is needed to determine if the segment has been modified since it was loaded in main memory

28 28 Address Translation in Segmentation The segment no. is used to index into the segment table and look up the segment base The segment base is added to the offset to produce the real address

29 29 Protection and sharing Segmentation lends itself to the implementation of protection and sharing policies. As each entry has a base address and length, a program cannot access a main memory location beyond the limits of a segment Sharing can be achieved by referencing a segment in multiple segment tables

30 30 Protection Relationships

31 31 Combined Paging and Segmentation A user’s address space is broken up into a number of segments and each segment is broken into fixed-size pages From the programmer’s point of view, a logical address still consists of a segment number and a segment offset. From the system’s point of view, the segment offset is viewed as a page number and page offset

32 32 Combined Paging and Segmentation The base now refers to a page table.

33 33 Address Translation The segment no. is used to index into the segment table to find the page table for that segment The page no. is used to index the page table and look up the frame no. The frame no. is combined with the offset to produce the real address


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