1. Civil War begins, 1861

2. Civil War begins, 1861
Attack on Fort Sumter, April 12, 1861

3. North vs South in numbers
Union:
Population 22,100,000 (71%)
Free population 21,700,000 (Border state slaves 400,000)
Soldiers 2,100,000 (67%)
Railroads 71%
Manufactured items 90%
Firearm production 97%
Pre-war exports 30%
Confederacy:
Population: 9,100,000 (29%)
Free population 5,600,000
Slaves 3,500,000
Soldiers 1,064,000 (33%)
Railroads 29%
Manufactured items 10%
Firearms production 3%
Bales of cotton in ,500,000
Bales of cotton in 1864 Negligible 300,000
Pre-war exports 70%

4. Southern hopes of victory – insane?
defensive war
need to defend their independence not to invade the North
elitist Southern upbringing produced better soldiers (or such was the Southern myth)
King Cotton
hopes of international intervention

5. The South and hopes of international intervention
"cotton diplomacy"
embargo on European shipments of cotton
Europe – does not care
"King Corn more powerful than King Cotton"
importation of Union crops proves crucial to European powers

6. Emancipation Proclamation
Slaves during the war
The significance of the border states
Compensated emancipation?
Battle of Antietam, September 1862
Emancipation Proclamiation makes abolishment of slavery the goal of the war – helps turn foreign opinion in favour of the Union
September 22, 1862 – Ultimatum to the Confederation
January 1, 1863 – Slaves emancipated in ten rebelled states – with exemptions (West Virginia, New Orleans, etc – territories under the control of the North
no emancipation in border states and Tennessee

7. The Civil War ends April 9, 1865, Gen. Lee surrenders
Lincoln Assassination, April 14, 1865
Andrew Johnson – new president
Gen. Robert Edward Lee

8. Aftermath
soldiers dead, close to civilians – total number of casaulties higher than in any other war America fought
Confederate States beaten and humiliated
The South – devastated
North – military losses:
110,000 killed in action
360,000 total dead 275,200 wounded
South – military losses
93,000 killed in action
260,000 total dead
137,000+ wounded
18% of adult male population – dead
New wars – old tactics; New tactics – old wars
Battle of Gettysburg
Sherman's March to the Sea

9. The postbellum America
emancipated Black Americans
South
devastated by the war
North
strengthened economically
strengthened politically

10. Reconstruction (1865 – 1877) Political perspective
How to readmit the rebelled states?
The future of the South
Radical Republicans vs. the President
Social and racial perspective – emancipation and the Black Americans
Southern perspective
rise of racist ideologies
KKK

11. Presidential Reconstruction
Lincoln's moderate plans of reconstruction
'painless and quick' reconstruction – Ten Percent Plan
13th Amendment
Radical Republicans
Wade-Davis Bill – vetoed by Lincoln
Ironclad Oath
Freedman's Bureau
Lincoln assassination (1865) and the domination of Radical Republicans in Congress
Johsnon's plan
reapeal of secession and acceping banning slavery – way to readmission open
new governmetns formed in southern states
Black Codes
Johnson faces impeachment – end of Presidential Reconstruction

12. 13th Amendment, December 1865
Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
abolishes slavery in the United States

13. Radical Reconstruction (Congressional Reconstruction)
removal of Confederate officials – Ironclad Oath
military rule introduced in rebelled states
new governments created under military authority
Carbetbaggers
Freedmen
Scalawags
radical reconstruction projects in the South
Constitutional amendments
citizenship
suffrage

14. 14th Amendment, 1868
Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.
Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.
Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

15. 15th Amendment, 1870
Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

16. Reconstruction in the South, Act II
Opposition to radical reconstruction
Redeemers
Democratic party wins southern states state by state on a platform of fighting Republican corruption and gains national significance

17. The election of 1876
Samuel J. Tilden (Democrat) wins the popular vote over Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican)
20 electoral votes are disputed (Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina, and Oregon)
Violent political conflict ensues
Congress creates an Electoral Commission to decide how to count the electoral votes
Electoral Commission grants 20 votes to Hayes who wins the election over Hayes with a 185 : 184 electoral vote

18. Compromise of 1877 – End of Reconstruction
Democrat Samuel J. Tilden concedes presidency to Republican Rutherford B. Hayes on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops from the South
Actual recounts show a margin of 800 votes – the closes election to date
This opens way for southern Democrates and for disfenchisment and segragation
Disfranchisement
Jim Crow Laws
literacy requirements
poll taxes
grandfather clauses