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Communication and Diversity Adapting to Others
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Agenda w Perception and Perception Checking w Cultures in Communication w Cultural Ethnocentrism w Values in Communication
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Steps in Perception Checking w Describe behavior w Identify one’s own feeling or interpretation w Ask for clarification
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Elements Not in Perception Checking w Using evaluative language w Interrupt w Talk excessively
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Agenda w Perception and Perception Checking w Cultures in Communication w Cultural Ethnocentrism w Values in Communication
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Culture is Learned and Shared What is your cultural background? w Material Culture w Social Institutions w Individual Beliefs w Aesthetic Considerations w Language
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High Context Communication w Most information is in physical context or is internalized to the person w Indirect or abstract message w Listener is expected to know what is on the speaker’s mind
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Low Context Communication w Most information is in the explicit code w Direct and unambiguous language w The speaker is expected to get the message across to the listener
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Lower Context Higher Context Cultural Contexts w Information provided explicitly, by words Nonverbal cues are ignored Need detailed background information Consider knowledge a commodity w Information drawn from surroundings Nonverbal cues are important Free flow of information Maintain strong information networks
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Agenda w Perception and Perception Checking w Cultures in Communication w Cultural Ethnocentrism w Values in Communication
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Cultural Ethnocentrism Is a Sure Way to Create Interpersonal Barriers
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How Does Ethnocentrism Affect Our Language? w Distance of Disparagement (encourages others to think less highly of themselves) w Distance of Indifference (shows a lack of thought about others feelings) w Distance of Avoidance (use of language that excludes others) w Vs. the Distance of Sensitivity
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Develop Knowledge to Enhance Understanding w Seek Information about the Culture w Ask Questions and Listen w Develop a Third Culture Create Common Ground Seek a Culture that is More Comprehensive and Inclusive
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Can You Accept Others? w Do You Take Your Time and Expect Some Uncertainty? w Are You Conscious of Cultural Differences? w Can You Imagine that Your Culture Doesn’t Have All the Answers?
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Cultural Diversity Enhances Interpersonal Communication w Remain Mindful w Tolerate Ambiguity w Avoid Negative Judgments w Develop Flexibility w Become Other Oriented w Adapt Communication to Others
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Agenda w Perception and Perception Checking w Cultures in Communication w Cultural Ethnocentrism w Values in Communication
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American Values Meridian House International, 1984
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Personal Control ChangeTimeEqualityIndividualismSelf-HelpCompetition FutureActionInformalityDirectnessPracticalityMaterialism
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Man Should Control Nature Humans Can Achieve Anything Look Out for Own Self Interests Personal Control
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We Value Change Development Improvement Progress Growth
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Utmost Importance Punctuality Use Wisely Delayed Gratification Time and Its Control
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w Devalue Past w Unconscious of Present w Planning the Future w Someday... Future-Oriented
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w “Created Equal” w No Deferential Treatment Equality/Egalitarianism
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Individualism w Privacy w We See Ourselves as Unique w “Time to Myself”
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wAwAwAwAccomplishments wSwSwSwSelf-Made Man wBwBwBwBorn Poor; Made Good Self Help
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Action-Oriented w Workaholics w “Don’t Just Sit There…” w Identify Self by Profession w Value Labor
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Informal w Casual with Authority w First Names w Shorts w “Hi” Familiarity
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Competition Free Enterprise Be the Best Progress
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Directness w Openness w Honesty w Assertiveness w Above-Board
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Practical wEwEwEwEfficient wPwPwPwPragmatic wRwRwRwRational wOwOwOwObjective wEwEwEwEffective
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Materialistic We Own Color Television Sets Automobiles Telephone, Answering Machines, Pagers, Cell Phones Personal Computers… Is this Enough?
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Values of Communicators w Isolating Values w Determining Values in Others’ Messages
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Methods to Extract Values Ê Listen for words that openly state values Ë Listen for negative words Ì Find unstated values behind stated beliefs Í Look for unexpected omissions Î Look for connotative language Ï Look at sources of evidence Ð Note proportions
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Background w September 15, 1962 Birmingham, Alabama: 4 children killed in Sunday School bombing w January 1963: Governors Orville Faubus and George Wallace oppose integration of public schools arguing for nullification and interdiction w March 1963: Sheriff Bull Conner turns fire hoses turned on young people to prevent their registering to vote w July 1963: FBI spreads rumor of planned riots during the march on Washington planned for August 28, 1963
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Values Analysis of the “I Have a Dream” Speech of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. w Look for words actually used w Compare to expectations for such a message
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Positively Stated Values Negatively Stated Values Total Freedom, free 22 Not free, oppression 3 25 Brotherhood 7 Exile, discord 7 14 Pursuit of happiness 6 Poverty, default 6 12 Life 1 Physical violence 10 11 Justice 6 Injustice 3 9 Equality 2 Segregation 6 8 Faith, pray, God 7
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