1. The multiplier-accelerator model Initial points 1.The model is a synthesis of the Kahn-Keynes multiplier and the “accelerator” theory of investment 1. 2.The accelerator model is based on the truism that, if technology (and thus the capital/output ratio) is held constant, an increase in output can only be achieved though an increase in the capital stock. P. Samuelson. “Interaction Between the Multiplier Analysis and the Principle of Acceleration,” Review of Economic Statistics (May 1939).

2. The accelerator Firms need a given quantity of capital to produce the current level of output. If the level of output changes, they will need more capital. How much more? Change in capital = accelerator  change in output (10.1) But firms can only increase their capital stock by (positive) net investment. How much? Net investment = accelerator  change in output (10.2) It is also true that: Accelerator = Change in Capital/Change in Output

3. Capital/Output ratio If we do not allow for productivity boosting technical change, then the capital output ratio is held constant. If fact, this is what we are assuming—no technical change.

4. Example of the accelerator principle a Sherman & Kolk claim this is a reasonable figure since estimates show that GDP is typically equal to 1/3 the value of the capital stock. We assume that = 3 a. That is, it takes 3 dollars worth of capital to manufacture $1 worth of shoes. Hence if the demand for shoes increased by say, $10, there would be a need for $30 in additional capital—or equivalently, $30 in net investment.

5. Time periodDemand for Shoes Change in Demand for Shoes Shoe Machinery Change in Shoe Machinery 1$100$300 1 to 2$10$30 2$110$330 2 to 3$20$60 3$130$390 3 to 4$5$15 4$135$405 4 to 5$0 5$135$405 5 to 6-5-$15 6$130$390

6. If the economy is in equilibrium, Then output supplied (Y) is equal to aggregate demand (AD). Assuming a closed economy without government, we have: Y t = C t + I t (1) Formalizing the model

7. We assume that investment in the current period (I t ) is equal to some fraction ( ) of change in output in the previous period (or lagged output): (3) The consumption function is given by 1 : (2) 1 We assume that C depends on lagged, rather than current, income. Also note that for our simplified economy, Y = YD.

8. Insert (2) and (3) into (1) to obtain: (4) To get a homogenous equation, we ignore the constant To get a standardized form, let A = c +. Also, Let B =. Thus we can write: (5) Note for the mathematically inclined: equation (5) is a 2 nd order (homogenous) difference equation.

9. It can be shown that: 1.There will be cyclical fluctuations in the time path of national income (Y t ) if A 2 < 4B. 2.If B = 1 (and presuming that A 2 < 4B), then cycles are constant in amplitude. 3.If B < 1 (and presuming that A 2 < 4B), then cycles are damped—that is, amplitude is a decreasing function of time. 4.If B > 1 (and presuming that A 2 < 4B), then cycles are explosive—that is, amplitude is a increasing function of time. 5.There will be no cyclical fluctuations if A 2 > 4B.

10. Example of the Multiplier-Accelerator Assumptions: (1) Y is $996 in period 1 and $1000 in period 2; (2) C = 96 +.9Y t - 1 ; and (3) = 1

11. Assumptions: (1) Y is $996 in period 1 and $1000 in period 2; (2) C = 996 +.9Y t -- 1 ; and (3) = B = 1

12. Time period National Income Damped oscillations B 4B

13. Time period National Income Explosive oscillations B > 1 and A 2 > 4B

14. Qualifications/limitations This model is based on a crude theory of investment. There is no role for “expected profits” or “animal spirits.” The time lag between a change in output and a change in (net) investment can be significant—the investment process (planning, finance, procurement, manufacturing, installation, training) is often lengthy. J. Hicks pointed out that, for the economy as a whole, there is a limit to disinvestment (negative net investment). At the aggregate level, the limit to capital reduction in a given period is the wear and tear due to depreciation.