1. Logging for Water Kim Raby GEOG 3511

2. What’s happening: Snow collects in clearings instead of being intercepted and evaporating before it can become overland flow, yielding more runoff Can it work? Is it worth it?

3. C1 site, NWT Ridge Molotch et al., 2007, Hydro Processes posted on my web site

4. Forest canopy intercepts snow

5. Full canopy tower with eddy flux instrument to measure latent heat. If we know LE, we can conver to mm of sublimation

6. Below canopy eddy flux

7. Way cool experiment We can measure sublimation above the forest canopy We can measure sublimation below the forest canopy We can partition sublimation into Canopy sublimation Below-canopy sublimation Never been done before

9. Soil temperature and moisture

10. Sublimation and precip

11. Cumulative sublimation

12. Drought year 2002 Above-and below-canopy eddy covariance systems indicated substantial losses of winter-season snow accumulation by sublimation Snowpack = 0.41 mm d -1 Canopy = 0.71 mm d -1 Total = 1.11 mm d -1  About 1.5’’ per month More than a 100% of precip was lost to sublimation

13. Maximum sublimation 3.7 mm d -1 Occurred immediately after snowfall Driven by canopy interception of snow High latent heat fluxes This value translates to about 5” per month, or about 3’ of water during the snow season. HUGE AMOUNT OF ET!

14. Below-canopy sublimation Driven by high sensible heat gradients Caused by warm canopy pumping heat into a cold atmosphere High sensible heat gradient drives a high specific humidity gradient RH is 100% at snow surface RH is much lower above snow surface High sublimation rates from snowpack is the result

15. Interception Sublimation is greater from vegetation than from ground Higher temperature on leaf surface Greater surface area Trees radiate longwave radiation Higher air temperature surrounding snow Increase in SVP Cut trees to decrease interception Increase snowpack volume Increase water yield

16. Denver Post, 11/10/02 Coon Creek, WY 4,100 acre demonstration project illustrates patch cuts in lodgepole pine forest 1990s research says clearcut increased spring runoff by 17 percent Is this the right decision for Colorado?

17. Source: Meiman 1987 Summary of 50 years of clearcutting and thinning experiments at small scale Fraser Experimental Forest The more area removed, the greater the SWE increase If 100 percent of basal area is removed, ~35 percent increase in water yield Yields have been long- lived but clearcuts must be maintained Fraser Experimental Forest

18. Source: Troendle et al. 2001 Control: Upper East Fork Treatment: Coon Creek Maximum mean daily discharge comparison Daily mean flow increased 11% with treatment Goal of the Coon Creek Water Yield Augmentation Pilot Project: to test whether results demonstrated at small scale experimental basins (like Fraser Experimental Forest) can be duplicated to operational/large watershed scale Large-Scale Replication

19. Source: Troendle and Stednick 1999 24% increase 91% increase Control: North Fork of Dry Creek Treatment: Brownie Creek Slopes are significantly different (p=0.0001) Flow during the two periods is significantly different ~70 percent increase in water yield relative to control after harvesting 25 percent of Brownie Creek Increased Water Yield

20. Source: Meiman 1987 Fraser Experimental Forest Increased accumulation after plot cut averaged 5.8 inches of water or 45 percent more than upwind plot No significant difference between upwind and downwind forest plots Peak SWE Increases

21. Source: Troendle and Meiman 1984 How large should the clearcut be? Very site-dependent This representation is for the Fraser Experimental Forest (maximum snow depth at 5H (5x the canopy height)) As the size of the opening increases, its efficiency in trapping snow decreases to the point (approximately 15H) where there is a net loss Loss is associated with increased wind scour and sublimation losses Area of Clearcut

22. Source: Golding and Swanson 1986 clearing James River site, Alberta, Canada SWE is greatest on the leeward side of a clearing SWE is least on the windward side of a clearing Second peak occurs because right before the snow hits the far side of the forest, decrease in wind speed results in additional snow accumulation wind direction second peak first peak Influence of Wind

23. Source: Gary 1974 Fraser Experimental Forest Similar results Increased snow accumulation and SWE at leeward edge of forest clearing wind direction SWE Increases

24. Source: Troendle and Olsen 1994 Fraser Experimental Forest, Fool Creek Watershed Total seasonal flow increased by 40 percent (longer duration of high flows) Peak flow increased by 20 percent Most of the detectable change occurred in May Hydrograph

25. Source: Troendle and Stednick 1999 Increases in peak discharge mean more erosion and flooding Results in a need for additional reservoirs to store water for low flows Generally, flows increased most during wet years as opposed to during droughts During drought (low antecedent moisture), snowmelt infiltrates and recharges groundwater, does not go to discharge  NEED RESERVOIRS Hydrograph

26. Source: Swank et al. 2001 Appalachian catchment Logging-related activities (including road construction activities) increase erosion and sedimentation Sediment yield increased considerably as a result of road building and logging activities Sedimentation

27. Source: Swank et al. 2001 Appalachian catchment Logging activities increase nutrient loading, DOC, conductivity (ion concentrations) Sustained increases in nitrate concentrations after clearing and logging due to: Reduction in nutrient uptake due to vegetation mortality Nutrient release from decomposition of trees and logging residue Increased soil N transformations Nutrient Loading

28. Wildfire mitigation? Proponents herald logging to increase water yield as a “forest health effort” Say it will serve a dual purpose Increase water yield Reduce fire risk However, logging trees at high elevation catchments will not reduce fire in high risk areas (at lower elevations) Logging in high elevation areas could mean less money to spend on thinning fire-prone areas

29. Other considerations for CO Cutting lodgepole pine stands would remove habitat for federally threatened lynx and other interior forest species High cost, maintenance required to maintain yields Difficult to replicate Fraser results in other parts of Colorado Study of runoff changes as a result of cutting ski runs at Eldora (Gaudagno)  deep snow collected in spruce-fir stands  open runs scoured almost bare by high winds  didn’t produce same results as Fraser experiments Other environmental costs Erosion and sedimentation can stifle habitat for fish and aquatic insects Amount of water flowing off trees increases as they mature Colorado’s middle-aged forests will soon become old-growth and capture more snowfall Shift focus from increasing supply  reducing demand?

30. Less ET with Higher Elevations Trees intercept snow Less snow reaches ground High ET loses in both winter and summer for forested areas Less tress with higher elevations Colder air temps with higher elevations