1. Joint Classification (Function/Structure)  Synarthroses (immovable) / mostly fibrous Joint Sutures Gomphosis  Amphiarthoses (slightly movable) / mostly cartilaginous Joint Syndesmoses Synchondroses Symphyses  Diarthroses (freely movable) / Synovial Joint A.K.A – synovial joint, articular joint Six main types

2. Sutures

3. Syndesmoses

4. Synchondroses

5. Symphyses

6. Types of Synovial Joints

7. Joint Structures  Joint Capsule  Ligaments  Articular Cartilage  Meniscus and Labrum  Bursa  Fat Pads  Muscles*

8. Joint Capsule (Articular or Synovial Capsule)  Fibrous Capsule  Synovial Membrane  Synovial Fluid

9. Ligaments (Tendons) Function Ligaments – connect bone to bone Tendons – connect muscle to bone Both specialize in resisting tensile forces

10. Ligaments (Tendons) Composition and Structure  Collagen and Elastin Strength (tensile) - tropocollagen Flexibility  Vascularization Limited  Parallel fibers – tropocollagen Crimp structure Load / deformation

11. Structure of ligaments versus tendons

12. Crimp (wavy) structure

13. Load / Deformation Curves

14. Factors That Affect the Properties of Ligaments and Tendons Maturation and Aging < 20 years progressive ↑ in tensile strength > 20 years progressive ↓ in tensile strength; especially at the insertion points Exercise ↑ structural strength and stiffness (Wolf’s Law) Benefits are moderate Disuse 8-9 week immobilization - progressive ↓ tensile strength with slow recuperation to normal strength (12 months)

15. Articular Cartilage  Shock Absorption (viscoelastic nature)  Improves the fit and reduces pressure (P = F/A)  Spreads synovial fluid

17. Meniscus (Knee)  Improves Stability  Screw-home mechanism  Poor healing (fibrocartilage)

18. Labrum (glenohumeral and acetabular)  Improves Stability - deepens the socket  Poor healing (fibrocartilage)

19. Bursa Produces synovial fluid Reduces friction Subcutaneous Prepatellar Bursa (prepatellar bursitis)

20. Fat Pads

21. Joint Flexibility Measurement Range of Motion (ROM) – angle through which a joint moves from anatomical position to the extreme limit of segment motion in a particular direction Absolute versus Relative angle measurement Goniometer / Electrogoniometer

22. Stretching Techniques Active versus Passive Stretching Ballistic versus Static Stretching

23. Multijointed Muscles Active Insufficiency (muscle contraction) – limited ability of a multijointed muscle to produce force when joint position places the muscle on slack Passive Insufficiency (muscle stretching) – inability of a multijointed muscle to stretch to the extent required to allow full ROM at all joints crossed

24. Hamstring Curls

25. Neuromuscular Response to Stretch Golgi Tendon Organs (GTOs) –Advantages with stretching –Propioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) Muscle Spindles and Stretch Reflex –Triggered by ballistic stretching –Advantages with muscle contraction

26. Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)

27. Muscle Spindle