2. Natural resources: finding the right balance FROM CONCEPTS TO REALITY Cecilia Tortajada Managing a Changing Planet Instituto de Empresa ie Business School Madrid 16 November 2007

3. “Sustainable Development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs” World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987

4. “… to be effective, measures to preserve natural resources should be taken at the earliest possible moment simultaneously with economic development …” United Nations General Assembly, 1962

5. “…the recognition of environmental issues is an aspect of widening of this (economic development taking into consideration preservation of natural resources) development concept…” The Founex Report, 1971

6. “… States should adopt an integrated and coordinated approach to their development planning so as to ensure that development is compatible with the need to protect and improve the human environment for the benefit of their population …” Stockholm Declaration, 1972 (Principle 11)

7. “ A new kind of development is needed because it is essential to relate development to the limitations and opportunities created by the natural resource base to all human activities. It is also required because it is now clear that past patterns of development in both developed and developing countries have been characterized by such serious environmental damage that they are simply not sustainable. ” M. Tolba, 1976

8. “ The most pressing objective of environmental management is to meet basic human needs within the potentials and constraints of environmental systems, including natural resources. Environmental management brings two new dimensions to the development process: it broadens the concept to include environmental quality, and it expands it in time to include development over the long-term on a sustainable basis. ” M. Tolba, 1976

9. “… all Governments and peoples of the world to discharge their historical responsibility, collectively and individually, to ensure that our small planet is passed over to future generations in a condition which guarantees a life in human dignity for all ”. 10 th Anniversary Stockholm Nairobi Declaration, 1982

10. New processes and methods of governing Changed conditions or ordered rule Actions and inactions of all parties transparent and accountable It embraces the relationships between governments and societies (including laws, regulations, institutions and formal and informal interactions) which affect all the ways in which governance systems function, stressing the importance of involving more voices, responsibilities, transparency and accountability of formal and informal organisations associated in any process Governance

11. Umbrella concept with multiple definitions It is not synonymous with government It is a complex process that considers multi-level participation beyond the State, where decision- making includes not only public institutions, but also private sector, organised civil society and society in general. Governance

12. It refers to a process of governing which requires: Participation, Consensus orientation Strategic vision, Responsiveness Effectiveness, Efficiency, Accountability, Transparency Equity, Rule. Governance

13. Water governance considers the political, economic and social processes and institutions by which governments, civil society and the private sector make decisions about how best to use, develop and manage water resources. It includes mechanisms and institutions through which all involved stakeholders, including citizens and interest groups, articulate their priorities, exercise their legal rights, meet their obligations and mediate their differences. UNDP, Water governance for poverty reduction. Key issues and the UNDP response to MDG, New York, 2004. Water Governance

14. Does it just appear? Overall conditions and enabling environment must be appropriate Parties should be agreeable to collective decision making Effective and functional organisations must be developed Policy, legal and political frameworks should be suitable for specific goals Water Governance

15. Complexity of Participation Governing issues are neither public nor private: they are shared Diffusion of governing activities at all levels Creation of social-political structures and processes to stimulate communication between all actors involved Creation of common responsibilities to solve societal problems or create societal opportunities (institutions/norms)

16. Water Governance Integration of views and Interdependence of actors Coordination – uncertainty and loss of autonomy Cooperation – mutual interests Decision-making processes Willingness of members of formal and informal groups and society to collaborate, participate, learn and interact

17. MEXICO CITY METROPOLITAN AREA SINGAPORE Finding the right balances

18. Mexico City Metropolitan Area Area of 4,925 km 2 1,484 km 2 in Mexico City 3,441 km 2 in State of Mexico 0.3% of land and 22-25% of population 16 boroughs of Mexico City 34 municipalities of State of Mexico 45% of commercial, services and industrial activities 32% of the GDP

19. Population density, Metropolitan Area of Mexico City

20. Water needs, Metropolitan Area of Mexico City 9 million people in Mexico City (95.3% have access to water) 14 million in State of Mexico (84.2% have access to water) 364 l/person/day in Mexico City 230 l/person/day in State of Mexico 290 l/person/day (including industries, services, unauthorized uses and leakages of 30-40%)

21. Sources for drinking water for the Metropolitan Area (m 3 /s) Mexico CityState of Mexico Total% INTERNAL SOURCES 20.025.245.268.5 Wells19.024.843.866.4 Rivers and springs 1.00.41.42.1 EXTERNAL SOURCES 14.86.020.831.5 Cutzamala9.95.014.922.6 Lerma4.91.05.98.9 TOTAL34.8 (52.7%) 31.2 (47.3%) 66.0100.0 Source: DGCOH, 1997; CAEM, 2002.

22. External sources of water Lerma River 1942 – 4 m 3 /s 1965-1976 – 14 m 3 /s 6 m 3 /s Cutzamala System 1982 – 4 m 3 /s 1985 – 6 m 3 /s 1993 – 9 m 3 /s $ 23 million/ m 3 1997 – 14 m 3 /s Water has to be transferred from more than 150 km away, pumped to a height of more than 1000 m. It requires 102 pumping stations, 17 tunnels and 8 km of canals, becoming a very energy-expensive operation

23. 2800 1600 2600 2400 2200 2000 1800 Elevation (msl) Colorines Dam, P.P. 1 Valle de Bravo Dam, P.P. 2 P.P. 3 P.P. 4 Chilesdo Dam, P.P. 5 Villa Victoria Dam Water Treatment Plant P.P. 6 Dam Pumping plant (P.P.) Piezometric line De las Cruces Mountains Tuxpan Dam El Bosque Dam Zitácuaro City Ixtapan del Oro Dam Colorines Dam El Tule Dam Valle de Bravo Dam Chilesdo Dam Villa Victoria Dam Temascaltepec River Toluca City Mexico City Emiliano Zapata Tank Tank No. 3 Pericos Tank Sta. Isabel Tank Stabilization Pond Donato Guerra Teuhtli Tank Cerro Gordo Tank La Caldera Tank Coacalco Tank Barrientos Tank Water Treatment Plant Source: Tortajada, 2003.

24. Cutzamala System - Cost Only the construction of Cutzalama system ($1300 million) was higher than the national investment in the entire public sector in Mexico in 1996, including: education ($700 million) health and social security ($400 million) agriculture, livestock and rural development ($105 million) tourism ($50 million) and marine sector ($60 million). Source: CNA, 1997.

25. Groundwater abstraction from the aquifer Abstraction of 45- 48 m 3 /s Natural recharge rate - 20 m 3 /s Overexplotation - 25-28 m 3 /s Lowering of the water table and land subsidence at the rate of 10-40 cm/year in some parts of the city

26. Abstraction of water (m 3 )/subsidence in Mexico City Damages to the infrastructures for water supply and sewerage systems Construction of costly pumping systems to remove rainwater and wastewater from the City Degradation of groundwater quality Source: Lesser & Cortés, 1998.

27. Subsidence in Mexico City City centre, 10 cm Airport, 20-25 cm Source: Mazari-Hiriart et al., 2001.

28. Problems... Flooding Difference in levels between some parts of the City and the collectors Inability of the overall system to pump all the water out of the City in rainy season Due to the subsidence of the City, downtown is 7 m below the highest point of the Grand Canal, which makes it difficult for the water to be pumped out of the area

29. Problems... Pollution of groundwater Faecal coliforms Bacterias such as Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus and Vibrio in the southern and eastern part of the City Helicobacter pylory, related to ulcers and stomach cancer in the aquifer in the area of Xochimilco and in water of Cutzamala before being treated.

30. Wastewater discharges (m 3 /s) USEMEXICO CITYSTATE OF MEXICO CONCESSIONSVOLUME DISCHARGED CONCESSIONSVOLUME DISCHARGED TOTAL31745.486896.81 23.63 m 3 /s 0.2159 m 3 /s 23.85 m 3 /s45-50 m 3 /s Irrigation of 90,000 ha in the Mezquital Valley

31. Subsidence in D.F. and Infrastructure problems 1910 Mexico City Tequisquiac Tunnel 1950 Grand Canal Slope 19 cm/km Gravity Sewage System Slope 12 cm/km Pumping Sewage System 1970 1990 Slope  0 Interceptors Central Deep Drainage Slope 10 cm/km Pumping Sewage System Federal District 2 3 4 5 6 6.8 7.2 8 10 3 4 5 6.8 6 2 6.2 3 4 5 5 4 3 Source: National Research Council, 1995.

32. STRATEGY FOR WATER MANAGEMENT FOR MEXICO CITY, 1992 Water supply Financial self-sufficiency Metered service Programme on leakages detection

33. PRIVATE SECTOR COMPANIES, 1994 ZoneCOMPANYPARTNERSAREASNUMBER OF CONNECTIONS ASAPSAICA CIE. Generale des eux Banamex Gustavo A. Madero Azcapotzalco Cuauthemoc 298,557 BIASABrittingham Severn Trent Benito Juarez, Coyoacan, Iztacalco and Venustiano Carranza 257,825 CTECSABufete Ind. Lyonnaise Bancomer Iztapalapa, Tlahuac, Xochimilco and Milpa Alta 327,408 DAGUAMEXGutza Northwest water Tlalpan, Magdalena Contreras, Alvaro Obregon, Cuajimalpa and Miguel Hidalgo 263,789 Source: CADF, 1994.

34. ACTIVITIES 1.SERVICE TO CLIENTS: METERS, READING, DISTRIBUTION OF BILLS, COLLECTION OF FEES, INFORMATION OFFICES. 2.HUMAN RESOURCES AND SYSTEMS (QUALITY CONTROL). 3.TECHNICAL SERVICES: STATISTICS OF USERS AND NETWORKS, REPLACEMENT OF METERS. 4.OPERATIONS: MAINTENANCE OF METERS AND PIPES (LEAK DETECTION AND REPAIR).

35. RESULTS UPDATE LIST OF USERS AND CONNECTIONS COMPUTARIZED SYSTEM (USERS, CONNECTIONS, METERS INSTALLED, CONSUMPTION, BILLS, COLLECTION OF FEES, DEBTS). PROGRAMME ON LEAKES DETECTION. NO EXCEMPTIONS (EDUCATION AND HEALTH SECTOR). DISCOUNTS: RETIRED PESONNEL HAS ONE-YEAR RENEWABLE DISCOUNTS. PEOPLE FROM DISTANT PLACES WITH NO REGULAR SERVICE.

36. Efficiency indicators for drinking water management in Mexico City 199619971998199920002001 VOLUME OF DELIVERED WATER (MILLION OF m 3 ) 686.6690.6691.9720.2752.8752.2 USERS WITH BILL (THOUSANDS) 1,477.51,620.21,644.01,681.11,7020.01,769.1 NO. OF BILLS FOR METERED SERVICE (THOUSANDS) 725.61,260.61,408.31,505.11,552.81,582.7 CHARGED WATER (BILLION PESOS) 1.11.52.14.62.83.2 BILLED WATER (BILLION PESOS) 1.72.42.77.23.53.8

38. MEXICO CITY METROPOLITAN AREA SINGAPORE Finding the right balances

39. Unaccounted for Water, Singapore, 1990-2004

40. Domestic water consumption, 1995-2005 Year

41. Average monthly bill, inclusive of all taxes (in S$) 1980-2005 Year $

42. Number of accounts served per staff

43. FINAL REFLEXION (Prison of Socrates, Athens)

44. Natural Resources: finding the right balance... Route - desired direction: –Security (water, food, energy, ecosystems...), adaptivity, welfare… Actor: –Society, stakeholders, administration, individuals, households, traditional communities, corporations... Instruments: –Technology, governance, capacity building, leadership, management, organisation, communication, coordination, awareness... Rules: –Moral codes, laws, customary laws, commitments, human rights, participation... Externalities: –Globalisation, climate change, demography (migrations, urbanisation, aging), diseases, health, political changes... Varis, O., and A. Press, 2006.

45. The concept of Development Modified from: Maxwell, S. 1996. Food security: a post-modern perspective. Food Policy 21: 155-170.

46. Natural Resources: finding the right balance... Desired direction (route): –Security (water, food, energy, ecosystems...), adaptivity, welfare… Actor: –Society, stakeholders, administration, individuals, households, traditional communities, corporations... Instruments: –Technology, governance, capacity building, leadership, management, organisation, communication, coordination, awareness... Rules: –Moral codes, laws, customary laws, commitments, human rights, participation... Externalities: –Globalisation, climate change, demography (migrations, urbanisation, aging), diseases, health, political changes... Interconnections Non-predictabilities New dynamics Unconventional links Out of the box Non-linearities Varis, O., and A. Press, 2006.