1. Emotion, Feelings and Motivation

2. 情緒是什麼？ 那些因素會影響情緒？ 影響情緒的機制 / 過程為何 ?

3. Emotions An emotional state has two components, one evident in a characteristic physical sensation and the other as a conscious feeling

4. Stimulus Brain Pleasure Stress Brain Depression Periphery

5. The particular emotion experienced is a function of cross- talk between neocortical and subcortical structures, as well as feedback from peripheral receptors. Stimulus Susan Iversen; Irving Kupfermann; Eric R. Kandel

6. Neocortical processing Subneocortical processing Skeletomotor and autonomic control systems Periphery Stimulus Emotion?

7. James-Lange Theory (1880s) James wrote: “We feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble.”

8. Patients in whom the spinal cord has been accidentally severed appear to experience a reduction in the intensity of their emotions.

9. Bard’s Experiments (1920s) Sham rage: animals with the whole cerebral cortex removed retain fully integrated emotional responses

10. By progressive transections the coordinated response disappeared when the hypothalamus was included in the ablation

11. Schachter- Singer

12. Epinephrine’s effects Informed Epinephrine’s effects Not Informed How nervous are you? Epinephrine Saline Group 1Group 2Group 3Group 4 Schachter’s Cognitive Experiment (1960s)

13. When the sound alone is given, it evokes physiological changes in blood pressure and freezing similar to those evoked by the sound and shock together (right)

14. Conscious feelings James-LangeCannon-BardSchachter-Singer Skeletomotor and ANS Conscious feelings Skeletomotor and ANS Bodily signs are caused by conscious feelings Conscious feelings are cognitive translations of bodily signs Conscious feelings are the results of bodily signs Conscious feelings Skeletomotor and ANS Neocortical processing

15. The particular emotion experienced is a function of cross- talk between neocortical and subcortical structures, as well as feedback from peripheral receptors. Stimulus Susan Iversen; Irving Kupfermann; Eric R. Kandel

16. Magda Arnold Emotions may have their own logic, one that is not derived from either conscious cognitive processes or somatic events.

17. Hypothalamus & ANS Responses In anesthetized animals, Ranson (1932) evoked almost every conceivable autonomic reaction, including alterations in heart rate, blood pressure, and gastrointestinal motility, as well as erection of hairs and bladder contraction In 1940s, Walter Hess extended Ranson's approach to awake, unanesthetized cats and found that different parts of the hypothalamus produce characteristic constellations of reactions

18. The Amygdala Mediates the Autonomic Expression

19. The Amygdala also mediates the cognitive experience of emotion, particularly in fear.

20. Egas Moniz performed the first prefrontal lobotomy in humans in 1935.(1949 Nobel Prize)

21. Mood & Monoamines 1.Long-term use of reserpine may cause depression (1959) 2.Some people got euphoric when treated with iproniazid (1952) 3.Imipramine is an effective antidepressant (1958) A. Reserpine almost irreversibly blocks the uptake (and storage) of norepinephrine and dopamine into synaptic vesicles by inhibiting the Vesicular Monoamine Transporters B.Iproniazid inhibits synaptic monoamine oxidase C.Imipramine inhibit reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin

23. The major serotonergic pathways arise in the raphe nuclei. (Adapted from Heimer 1995.)

24. Lesch KP: Science. 1996 Neuroticism is an enduring tendency to experience negative emotions such as anxiety, anger, guilt, and depression.

25. The effect of life events on depression was stronger among s carriers (b = 0.39, SE = 0.07, t = 5.23, P < 0.001 among s/s homozygotes, and b = 0.17, SE = 0.04, t = 4.51, P < 0.001 among s/l heterozygotes) than among l/l homozygotes (b = 0.14, SE = 0.05, t = 2.69, P < 0.01). Science 2003 July

26. Pleasure Love Motivations

27. Physiological Needs Temperature regulation involves integration of autonomic, endocrine, and skeletomotor responses Feeding behavior Is regulated by a variety of mechanisms Drinking is regulated by tissue osmolality and vascular volume

28. Homeostatic processes can be analyzed in terms of control systems

29. Experimental Self-Stimulation of the Brain Reward Pathway Motivational States Can Be Regulated by Factors Other Than Tissue Needs

30. Reports by cocaine abusers of craving are correlated with increases in cerebral blood flow

31. Cocaine and nicotine affect the rate of electrical self-stimulation of the brain

32. D2-agonist Nature Neuroscience 2006

33. Nature Neuroscience 2006

35. Emotions, Moods, Feelings An emotion is a mental and physiological state associated with a wide variety of feelings, thoughts, and behavior. Emotions are subjective experiences, or experienced from an individual point of view. Emotion is often associated with mood, temperament, personality, and disposition. A mood is a relatively long lasting, affective or emotional state. Moods differ from simple emotions in that they are less specific, less intense, and less likely to be triggered by a particular stimulus or event. Unlike acute, emotional feelings like fear and surprise, moods often last for hours or days. Feeling is used to describe physical sensation or conscious subjective experience of emotion.

36. Nature Neuroscience 2006