1. Oh what a tangled web we weave...... when first to thread we do conceive.

2. History Last time Threads & synchronization This time: Team tips Synchronization, cont’d. Design exercise

3. Team tip: code ownership Who “owns” a module? Who is responsible for it? Model 1: Strong individual ownership One person is exclusive owner of each module  Knows it inside out  Can easily fix bugs, etc.  Clear-cut lines of responsibility  Each developer has limited responsibility  All changes have to pass through one person  Can be a serious bottleneck

4. Team tip: code ownership Loose ownership model Whole code base is “owned” by group Indivs may work primarily on one aspect, but anybody has rights to change anything  Fewer bottlenecks  More responsive to individual needs  Individuals have to be generalists, not specialists  Less familiarity ⇒ very easy to introduce bugs Esp. integration bugs Regression testing critical

5. The truth of synchronized Java synchronized keyword just means: get lock before proceeding; release lock when done

6. The truth of synchronized public class Panopticon { private double[] _data; public synchronized void set(int idx, double v) { _data[idx]=v; } public synchronized double get(int idx) { return _data[idx]; }

7. The truth of synchronized public class Panopticon { private double[] _data; hidden Object _lockID_=null; public void set(int idx, double v) { while (!_testAndSet_(_lockID_==null || _lockID==this,this)); _data[idx]=v; _atomicSet_(_lockID,null); } public double get(int idx) { while (!_testAndSet_(_lockID_==null || _lockID_==this,this)); int result=_data[idx]; _atomicSet_(_lockID_,null); return result; }

8. The truth of synchronized Java synchronized keyword just means: get lock before proceeding; release lock when done synchronized method: only one thread can execute this method at a time (*) synchronized block: only one thread can execute this block at a time (*)

9. Where is the lock? Caveat: synchronized methods/blocks are only mutex with respect to a single lock Have to make sure that all threads are using the same lock Where does the lock variable live? non-static synchronized methods: lives on the object instance static synchronized methods: lives on the class variable synchronized block: lives on the object named in the argument

10. Who owns the lock? public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; }

11. Who owns the lock? The memory picture:

12. Who owns the lock? public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public synchronized List getX0() { return x; } }

13. Who owns the lock? public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public synchronized List getX0() { return x; } } Answer: “ this ” owns it (object on which getX0() is being called)

14. Who owns the lock? The memory picture:

15. Who owns the lock? public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public synchronized List getX0() { return x; } public List getX1() { synchronized(x){return x; }} }

16. Who owns the lock? public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public synchronized List getX0() { return x; } public List getX1() { synchronized(x){return x; }} } Answer: x itself owns the lock

17. Who owns the lock? The memory picture:

18. Who owns the lock? public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public synchronized List getX0() { return x; } public List getX1() { synchronized(x){return x; }} public List getX2() { synchronized(this) { return x; } } }

19. Who owns the lock? public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public synchronized List getX0() { return x; } public List getX1() { synchronized(x){return x; }} public List getX2() { synchronized(this) { return x; } } } Again, “ this ” owns it (duh)

20. Who owns the lock? The memory picture:

21. Who owns the lock? public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public synchronized List getX0() { return x; } public List getX1() { synchronized(x){return x; }} public List getX2() { synchronized(this) { return x; } } public synchronized List getX3() { synchronized(x) { return x; } } }

22. Who owns the lock? public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public synchronized List getX0() { return x; } public List getX1() { synchronized(x){return x; }} public List getX2() { synchronized(this) { return x; } } public synchronized List getX3() { synchronized(x) { return x; } } } Trick question! Both locks ( this and x ) have to be acquired!

23. Who owns the lock? The memory picture:

24. Who owns the lock? public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public synchronized int getA0() { return a; } }

25. Who owns the lock? public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public synchronized int getA0() { return a; } } Same old, same old. “ this ” has the lock.

26. Who owns the lock? public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public synchronized int getA0() { return a; } public int getA1() { synchronized(a){ return a; }} }

27. Who owns the lock? public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public synchronized int getA0() { return a; } public int getA1() { synchronized(a){ return a; }} } Another trick question! a is atomic -- it’s not an Object, and doesn’t have hidden state.

28. Who owns the lock? The memory picture: ???

29. Who owns the lock? Error you get from trying to synchronize on an atomic field: WhoOwnsTheLock.java:12: incompatible types found : int required: java.lang.Object public int getA1() { synchronized(a) { return a; } } ^ 1 error

30. Who owns the lock? public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public synchronized List getY0() { return y; } }

31. Who owns the lock? public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public synchronized List getY0() { return y; } } Again, “ this ” owns the lock.

32. Who owns the lock? public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public synchronized List getY0() { return y; } } Again, “ this ” owns the lock. Danger Will Robinson! Can have multiple access to y !!!

33. Who owns the lock? Consider: WhoOwnsTheLock foo=new WhoOwnsTheLock(); WhoOwnsTheLock bar=new WhoOwnsTheLock();

34. Who owns the lock?

35. Consider: WhoOwnsTheLock foo=new WhoOwnsTheLock(); WhoOwnsTheLock bar=new WhoOwnsTheLock(); // in thread 0 foo.getY0(); // in thread 1 bar.getY0();

36. Who owns the lock? thread 0 synch w/ this lock

37. Who owns the lock? thread 0 synch w/ this lock & thread 1 synch w/ this one

38. Who owns the lock? public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public synchronized List getY0() { return y; } public static synchronized List getY1() { return y; }

39. Who owns the lock? public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public synchronized List getY0() { return y; } public static synchronized List getY1() { return y; } Remember: “ static ”==“associated with class” (i.e., class object). So this is synchronized on the class object. No more conflict. (yay!)

40. Who owns the lock?

41. public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public synchronized List getY0() { return y; } public static synchronized List getY1() { return y; } public static List getY2() { synchronized(y) { return y; } }

42. Who owns the lock? public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public synchronized List getY0() { return y; } public static synchronized List getY1() { return y; } public static List getY2() { synchronized(y) { return y; } } Effectively, just as good as previous version...

43. Who owns the lock?

44. public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public synchronized int getXY0() { return x.size()+y.size(); }

45. Who owns the lock? public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public synchronized int getXY0() { return x.size()+y.size(); } Synchronized on “ this ”, but can have concurrent access via y ( x is safe)

46. Who owns the lock? public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public synchronized int getXY0() { return x.size()+y.size(); } public static synchronized int getXY1() { return x.size()+y.size(); }

47. Who owns the lock? public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public synchronized int getXY0() { return x.size()+y.size(); } public static synchronized int getXY1() { return x.size()+y.size(); } Same problem, but in reverse -- y is safe, but can have multi-access to x.

48. Who owns the lock? public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public synchronized int getXY0() { return x.size()+y.size(); } public static synchronized int getXY1() { return x.size()+y.size(); } public int getXY2() { synchronized(this) { // or on x itself synchronized(y) { return x.size()+y.size(); } } } }

49. Who owns the lock?

51. public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public int getAB0() { synchronized(this) { synhronized(b) { // oh oh... b is atomic return a+b; } } } }

52. Who owns the lock? public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public int getAB0() { synchronized(this) { synhronized(y) { return a+b; } } } } Answer 1: synchronize on something “near” b (i.e., something else static) that isn’t, itself, atomic. Sometimes introduce spurious “ Object ” just for this

53. Who owns the lock? public class WhoOwnsTheLock { private List x=new LinkedList(); private static List y=new LinkedList(); private int a=3; private static int b=42; public static synchronized int getAB1() { synchronized(this) { return a+b; } } } Answer 2: synchronize on class object (via “ static synchronized ” method declaration)