1. Why a new weathering index for rock art? Ron Dorn Arizona State University Ron Dorn Arizona State University

2. Many Different Strategies exist to Document and Diagnose Stone Decay

19. Positive: most detailed & clearest subdivision of weathering forms

20. And Cool Color Codes

21. Not Appropriate for the Rock Art Problem  Fitzner ’ s strategy way too expensive & destructive  Building strategies fit for “ fresh rock ”  Engineering strategies require too much sampling & expensive  Others too focused on a specific issue (e.g. temperature, chemical weathering)  Fitzner ’ s strategy way too expensive & destructive  Building strategies fit for “ fresh rock ”  Engineering strategies require too much sampling & expensive  Others too focused on a specific issue (e.g. temperature, chemical weathering)

22. Rest of Talk: Movie Preview Jump ahead and show you results so you can judge intuitively if our strategy works

30. Scale and Consistency

32. Excellent Condition: Why?  Basalt talus tends to display very little evidence of weathering and erosion  Largest issues are plant growth near panel, some scaling of the rock, and detachment of the rock varnish  Step 6 (Vandalism) is of minor concern because site is Deer Valley Rock Art Centers  Largest issues are plant growth near panel, some scaling of the rock, and detachment of the rock varnish  Step 6 (Vandalism) is of minor concern because site is Deer Valley Rock Art Centers

34. Good Condition: Why?  Silicified dolomite bedrock has few weaknesses for weatherings  Largest issues are plant growth near panel, some scaling of the rock, and detachment of the rock varnish  Step 6 (Vandalism) is of minor concern because site is on private land with a site steward  Largest issues are plant growth near panel, some scaling of the rock, and detachment of the rock varnish  Step 6 (Vandalism) is of minor concern because site is on private land with a site steward

36. Problems: Why?  Despite strong granite rock, abundant fissures (joints )  Largest issues are granular distintegration, fissuresol wedging, undercutting, and lichens  Step 6 (Vandalism) is a substantial concern because site is in a metropolitan area and is receives heavy visitation  Largest issues are granular distintegration, fissuresol wedging, undercutting, and lichens  Step 6 (Vandalism) is a substantial concern because site is in a metropolitan area and is receives heavy visitation

37. Stage 6 could add 20 points to reflect vandalism concern Stage 6 could add 20 points to reflect vandalism concern 30 (raw score) + 20 = 50 30 (raw score) + 20 = 50

39. Problems: Why?  Largest issues are weakness of the sandstone, development and then flaking of the weathering rind, and splintering along bedding planes

40. Problems – Score 33

41. Why problems with this panel?  Also flaking, granular disintegration, salt efflorescence, detachment of the pictograph paint  Large issues are scaling, undercutting  Site manager might put this site in “ great danger ” because of visitor use abrade panels  Large issues are scaling, undercutting  Site manager might put this site in “ great danger ” because of visitor use abrade panels

43. Great Dangers: Biggest Issues Fluvial Abrasion Salt Efflorescence Flaking of Weak Sandstone

45. Severe Dangers: A host of issues Lots of fissures, weak rock, wedging by fissuresols, plant growth, scaling, splintering, undercutting, development and erosion of weathering rinds, crumbling of rock under lichens, granular disintegration, flaking, detachment of rock coatings, scaling, chalking, graffiti, and salt efflorescence

47. Display Options

48. Why a new weathering index for rock art? Because its time weathering nerds stepped up to the plate and helped with a global crisis