1. Genetic Engineering

2. Tools for Manipulating & Studying DNA  Restriction enzymes  Used to cut DNA where needed  PCR  Used to make multiple copies of genes for studying  Gel electrophoresis

6. Selective Breeding AAllows only those animals with wanted characteristics to produce a new generation TTakes advantage of naturally occurring genetic variation HHybridization: bringing together two dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms IInbreeding: Continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics

7. Recombinant DNA  Joining together DNA from to or more sources  Plasmid  Small circular pieces of DNA used to transform the chromosomes of bacteria and yeast cells  Can used recombinant bacteria to produce, for example, human hormones to treat disease

8. Gene is placed into Bacterial DNA Bacteria now makes insulin

9. Transgenic Organisms  Produced by insertion of recombinant DNA into the genome of a host organism  Cloning: producing a new organism that is genetically identical to an adult organism

14. Applications of Genetic Engineering  GM Crops: corn, wheat, sugar, rice, squash, soybeans  GM Animals: cows, pigs, salmon  Health and medicine  Preventing disease: enriching foods  Medical research: test subjects  Treating disease  Gene therapy – changing gene to treat disorders  Genetic Testing - find mutations  Personal identification  DNA fingerprinting: determine whether two DNA samples are from the same person, related people, or non-related people. Uses a small number of sequences of DNA that are known to vary among individuals a great deal, and analyze those to get a certain probability of a match.  Forensic science  Establishing relationships – maternal mitochondrial DNA

15. Ethical Issues  Should we manipulate DNA just because we can?  Are GM foods safe?  Privacy of your genes…  Health insurance

16. Biotechnology The Clone Age

17. Types of Cloning Recombinant/Gene transfer ReproductiveTherapeutic

18. Recombinant (1972) Genes are inserted into bacterial genomes Polly – (Sheep, 1997) –Cloned sheep containing human genetic information

19. Why clone? Medical research –Models of disease –Study human development –Design new drugs Endangered or extinct species Pets Humans ??!?! http://videos.howstuffworks.com/d iscovery/38036-discovery-news- tech-human-cloning-video.htm http://videos.howstuffworks.com/d iscovery/38036-discovery-news- tech-human-cloning-video.htm

20. Reproductive Somatic cell DNA is inserted into a egg and placed into a host (surrogate) parent The offspring is genetically identical http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/cloning /whatiscloning/scnt.cfm http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/cloning /whatiscloning/scnt.cfm

22. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tJmoT7 xbrvw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tJmoT7 xbrvw

23. What organisms have been cloned? In 1952, the first animal, a tadpole, was cloned. Before the creation of Dolly, the first mammal cloned from the cell of an adult animal, clones were created from embryonic cells. Since Dolly, researchers have cloned a number of large and small animals including sheep, goats, cows, mice, pigs, cats, rabbits, and a gaur. All these clones were created using nuclear transfer technology.

25. Cloning & Your Food! FDA has concluded that cattle, swine, and goat clones, and the offspring of any animal clones traditionally consumed as food, are safe for human and animal consumption. Food labels do not have to state that food is from animal clones or their offspring. FDA has found no science-based reason to require labels to distinguish between products from clones and products from conventionally produced animals. The main use of clones is to produce breeding stock, not food. These animal clones—copies of the best animals in the herd— are then used for conventional breeding, and the sexually reproduced offspring of the animal clones become the food- producing animals. Due to the lack of information on clone species other than cow, goat, and pig (for example, sheep), FDA recommends that other clone species do not enter the human food supply.

26. Therapeutic Garner stem cells that can differentiate into a wide range of specialized cells (neurons, pancreatic cells)

27. Risks of Cloning High failure rate – 90% Problems in later development Abnormal gene expression Lifespan differences?

28. Issues to Consider Ethical issues are those that ask us to consider the potential moral outcomes of cloning technologies. Legal issues require researchers and the public to help policymakers decide whether and how cloning technologies should be regulated by the government. Social issues involve the impact of cloning technologies on society as a whole.

29. Bioethics of Cloning What are the benefits? What are the risks? Whom will the technology help? Does it have the potential to hurt anyone? What does this mean for me? For my family? For others around me? Why might others not share my view?

30. Questions… Is human cloning "playing with nature?" If so, how does that compare with other reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization or hormone treatments? If a clone originates from an existing person, who is the parent? What are some of the social challenges a cloned child might face? Should cloning research be regulated? How, and by whom?

31. Point of View Would your views be the same if you were a different person? How might they change if you... 1.…had a medical condition that therapeutic cloning might someday benefit? 2.…knew a family member or close friend with such a medical condition? 3.…worked as a research scientist? 4.…were a policymaker, involved in making laws?

32. Be educated! A basic understanding of the different types of cloning is key to taking an informed stance on current public policy issues and making the best possible personal decisions.