1. MBAO 6030 Human Resource Management Downsizing HR Management MBAO 6030

2. MBAO 6030 Human Resource Management Downsizing What is Downsizing? A downsizing strategy reduces the scale (size) and scope of a business to improve its financial performance (Robbins & Pearce, 1992). A reduction of the workforce is one of only several possible ways of improving profitability or reducing costs.

3. MBAO 6030 Human Resource Management Downsizing Why do Firms Downsize? Reduce costs Reduce layers of management to increase decision making speed and get closer to the customer Sharpen focus on core competencies of the firm, and outsource peripheral activities Generate positive reactions from shareholders in order to improve valuation of stock price Increase productivity

4. MBAO 6030 Human Resource Management Need to reduce costs Downsizing (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin & Cardy, 2001) Alternatives To Layoffs

5. MBAO 6030 Human Resource Management Alternatives to Downsizing (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin & Cardy, 2001) EmploymentChanges in Pay/Benefits Training PoliciesJob Design Policies Attrition Transfers Pay freeze Retraining Hiring freeze Relocation Cut overtime Cut PT employees Job Sharing pay Cut internsDemotions Use vacation & Cut temps leave days Voluntary Pay cuts time off Profit sharing Reduced work or variable pay hours EmploymentChanges in Pay/Benefits Training PoliciesJob Design Policies Attrition Transfers Pay freeze Retraining Hiring freeze Relocation Cut overtime Cut PT employees Job Sharing pay Cut internsDemotions Use vacation & Cut temps leave days Voluntary Pay cuts time off Profit sharing Reduced work or variable pay hours

6. MBAO 6030 Human Resource Management Need to reduce costs Alternatives To Layoffs Downsizing (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin & Cardy, 2001) Voluntary Quits Involuntary Separations Early Retirements Voluntary Workforce Reductions Layoffs Outplacement

7. MBAO 6030 Human Resource Management Downsizing Effects: Overall Mixed effects on firm performance: some short- term costs savings, but long-term profitability & valuation not strongly affected. Firm’s reputation as a good employer suffers. Example: Apple Computer’s reputation as good employer declined after several layoffs in 1990s. Downsizing forces re-thinking of Employment Strategy. Lifelong employment policies not credible after a downsizing. Example: IBM abandoned lifelong policy after several layoffs in early 1990s.

8. MBAO 6030 Human Resource Management Downsizing Effects: Employee Morale Employee motivation disrupted: increase in political behaviors, anger, fear - which is likely to negatively impact quality of customer service Violation of psychological contract, leads to cynicism, lowered work commitment, fewer random acts of “good will” “Survivors” experience more stress due to longer work hours with re-designed jobs, and increased uncertainty regarding future downsizings

9. MBAO 6030 Human Resource Management Downsizing Effects: Workforce Quality Many senior employees leave due to application of early retirement incentives: result is loss of institutional memory. The use of voluntary workforce reductions (buyouts) results in the most marketable employees leaving (“stars”) -- difficult to control since all employees must be legally eligible to qualify. Early retirements & voluntary reductions often result in too many people quitting, and some are hired back as consultants at higher cost to firm.

10. MBAO 6030 Human Resource Management Downsizing Effects Downsizing Works Best When: Changes in Strategy, Organization structure and Culture accompany job cuts of downsizing Weak business units and plant closures are used as basis of reductions, rather than across the board cuts affecting all units (including healthy ones) Source: Cascio et al. 1997

11. MBAO 6030 Human Resource Management Employee Relations Performance Management Reward Systems Training Employ- ment Downsizing Reputation effects on recruitment Severance pay & benefits Performance evaluation as layoff criteria Morale of survivors Loss of training investment from turnover Downsizing and other HR Systems

12. MBAO 6030 Human Resource Management Downsizing Critical Thinking Questions 1. Which is a better criteria to use as the basis for downsizing employees: seniority or performance? State your reason. 2. Should employers give future notice to downsized employees, or tell them on the day they are expected to leave the firm? 3. Separation pay is voluntary. What benefits do firms get when they give separation pay to employees in a downsizing?

13. MBAO 6030 Human Resource Management Downsizing Critical Thinking Questions 4. Is there a set of “best practices” to let an employee know she/he has been downsized? 5. Under what circumstances might a company’s managers prefer to use layoffs instead of early retirements or voluntary severance plans as a way to downsize the workforce?