1. Global Conveyor Belt

2. Conveyor Belt Circulation Diagnose conveyor belt pathways – Mass, volume, heat & salt budgets (inverse analysis) Water mass analysis – T, S, O 2 & Nuts provide water mass pathways NADW production – Where, how & change over time Transient tracers –water mass pathways & age since ventilation

3. Global Conveyor Belt

4. Global Circulation

5. Global Heat Transport

7. Water Mass Analyses

9. Global Surface Water Masses

10. Deep Water Masses

11. Locations of Deep Water Production

12. WOCE A16 Line

13. Atlantic Circulation

15. Global Conveyor Belt

16. NADW AAIW AABW Med

17. Global Conveyor Belt

20. Tracing Out AA Water Masses

21. Following AAIW

22. Atlantic Circulation

23. North Atlantic Currents

24. NADW Production

25. Working in the Labrador Sea

26. Global Conveyor Belt

27. NADW Production

28. NADW Simulation OGCM simulation of NADW dispersal 1/4 o eddy permitting 300 year experiment Tracer is release in North Atlantic Followed in time

29. NADW Simulation OGCM simulation of NADW dispersal Model tracer @ depth of max NADW outflow 100 y 300 y 1000 y

30. Mankind to the rescue!!!

31. Transient Tracers

32. A22 CFC-12 Concentrations STMW GS Deep Caribbean AAIW High CFC’s – recently ventilated waters Low CFC’s – old water NADW

34. Transient Tracers

35. Pacific P16 CFC-12 AAIW AABW Very Old Water

36. CFC’s as Transient Tracers Mixing with ocean imprints ventilated waters w/ CFC levels Provides a ventilation “age” for water mass Atmospheric CFC’s are now dropping Good for the O 3 hole Bad for tracer work…

37. A22 CFC-12 Concentrations STMW GS Deep Caribbean AAIW High CFC’s – recently ventilated waters Low CFC’s – old water NADW

38. Atlantic A22 CFC-12 Age Age calculations by Bill Smethie & Samar Khatiwala [LDEO] STMW Deep Caribbean AAIW NADW

39. Transient Tracer Age Ocean & atmosphere CFC concentrations are used to determine a pCFC age Takes into account exchanges of CFC at sea surface Lots of assumptions… Labrador Sea Water age

40. Transient Tracers OGCM simulation of atmos CFC dispersal 1/4 o eddy permitting 120 year experiment Tracer is exchanged by sea surface Followed in time

41. Anthropogenic CO 2

42. CFCs & CO 2 observations are used to estimate anthropogenic CO 2 Globally 118 +/- 19 Pg C Nearly ½ of all fossil fuel CO 2 are in oceans Sabine et al. [2005]

43. Anthropogenic CO 2

44. Another Conveyor Belt

45. Meridional Overturning Circulation Overturning circulation in Sverdrups

46. Is Overturning Slowing?

47. Stronger southward transport in upper ocean Decrease in NADW flow south NADW

48. Is Overturning Slowing?

49. Global Conveyor Belt

50. Conveyor Belt Circulation Diagnose conveyor belt pathways – Mass, volume, heat & salt budgets (inverse analysis) Water mass analysis – T, S, O 2 & Nuts provide water mass pathways NADW production – Where, how & change over time Transient tracers –water mass pathways & age since ventilation