1. Eduard Strasburger Walther Flemming Meiosis & Mitosis

3. I.

4. Animation 3.2

7. Animation 3.3

8. II.

13. Genes exist, come in pairs Gametes – only 1 gene copy pair of copies SEGREGATE alleles combine randomly In offspring Each gamete – only 1 gene copy START A / a

14. a+ / a Genes exist, come in pairs Gametes – only 1 gene copy pair of copies SEGREGATE What about second law?

15. Animation 5.1a

16. Mendel’s 2 nd Law: Genes segregate independently אין תלות בין גנים בסגרגציה (הפרדה)

20. Recombinant Parental Parental

21. R/r Y/y If we have a third gene for seed size –big>small: B/b, and TRI-hybrids ¾ of these seeds will be big ¼ of these seeds will be small ¾ of these seeds will be big ¼ of these seeds will be small ¾ of these seeds will be big ¼ of these seeds will be small ¾ of these seeds will be big ¼ of these seeds will be small 27/64 9/64 3/64 9/64 3/64 1/64 64/64 93319331

22. YY Yy yy If we look at the GENOTYPE ratios - With a second gene for seed texture – round/wrinkled: 1/4 of these seeds will be RR 2/4 of these seeds will be Rr 1/4 of these seeds will be rr 1/4 of these seeds will be RR 2/4 of these seeds will be Rr 1/4 of these seeds will be rr 1/4 of these seeds will be RR 2/4 of these seeds will be Rr 1/4 of these seeds will be rr 1/16 2/16 1/16 2/16 4/16 2/16 1/16 2/16 1/16 16/16 Genotype ratios: 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1 Phenotype ratios: 9:3:3:1

23. Mendel’s rules are relevant for organisms that sexually reproduce: diploid/haploid –Plants, Animals, many Monera… Those that ‘do’ meiosis

24. Sex chromosomes: The breakthrough to the chromosomal theory of inheritance III-IV

26. Nettie Stevens Thomas H. Morgan

27. Animation 3.3

29. Thomas H. Morgan

30. Board Reciprocal White Red Mothers Fathers Red White Daughters Sons

36. 習字 書道

40. המופיליה F6 F7

42. אחיות כנשאיות – לא חולות

44. To be a male: Fly: ratio of X chromosomes to autosomes = 1 Man: Presence of Y chromosome

45. Barr body For ‘dosage compensation’, 1 X chromosome is condensed, silenced in females

46. Y? Y linked trait??

47. First Second (reciprocal)

49. Mammals Fruitflies Moths Homogametic Heterogametic Heterogametic Homogametic