2. Fricatives PlaceVoicelessVoiced Labiodental/f//v/ Interdental //////// //////// Alveolar/s//z/ Palatal //////// //////// Glottal/h/ ////////

3. Area (cm 2 ) Length (cm) ////////

4. Fluid Flow Equation for Turbulence Re= V*h/  Re: Reynolds number V: flow velocity  : kinematic coefficient of viscosity h: characteristic dimension (size of constriction)

5. Source Characteristics Flat spectrum Flat spectrum Similar across all places of articulation Similar across all places of articulation Frequency Amplitude

6. Source Characteristics Frequency Amplitude Time

7. Source Characteristics: Voiced Amplitude Frequency +

8. Filter Characteristics Area (cm 2 ) Length (cm) lipsglottis Anterior constriction Front Cavity* Back Cavity * Front cavity length Largely dictates resonant frequency

9. Fricatives: Alveolar Alveolar front cavity length ~ 2.5 cm front cavity length ~ 2.5 cm F1=34000/4*2.5 = 3400 Hz F1=34000/4*2.5 = 3400 Hz Intense energy at/above 3400 Hz Intense energy at/above 3400 Hz

10. Source Filter Theory

11. Sibilants: Spectrum Envelope /  / (~2-3 KHz) /s/ (> 3.5-4 KHz) Amplitude Frequency

12. Spectrogram //// /s/

13. /h/

14. /f/ Waveform and Spectrogram Amplitude Spectrum

15. /z//s/ Voicing

16. /z/ /s/

17. //// /t  / /t/ Affricate

18. Rise-time: stops vs. affricates /t/ /t  /