1. 廠商的決策

2. QUIZ (0302) What explain the slowdown in the labor productivity in the 1970s in US What explains the resurgence of labor productivity since 1995 in US

3. 公司的目標 : 極大化利潤 ? 所有者與經營者 目標不同 資訊不對稱 公司治理 當事代理人理論 ~ 管理經濟學 員工分紅成本

4. 決定產量決策的因素 預期市場價格 p(q1+q2+, … )~ 市場競爭結 構 成本函數 c(q)

5. 市場競爭 完全競爭 : price taker 獨占 : price setter 寡占 : 必須猜測對手產量 同質寡占 異質寡占 : 水平差異, 垂直差異

6. 成本函數 ~ch 7 在即定生產目標下成本極小

7. 生產函數 F(L,K) The maximum quantity of outputs a firm can produce given the quantities of inputs that it might employ 生產管理問題 給定 L,K 如何配置 放對的人在對的部門

8. Why to consider only L, K?

9. Fix K, one variable input F(L, K(fixed)) ~short run Technically efficient

10. FIGURE 6-1 Technical Efficiency and Inefficiency Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-01

11. 勞動邊際產量 邊際報酬遞增 : 專業分工 邊際報酬遞減 總報酬遞減 : 人多手雜

12. FIGURE 6-2 Total Product Function Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-02

13. 邊際產量與平均產量

14. FIGURE 6-3 Average and Marginal Product Functions Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-03

15. FIGURE 6-4 Relationship Among Total, Average, and Marginal Product Functions Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-04 (Figure continues on next slide)

16. FIGURE 6-4 (Continued) Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-04 continued

17. 兩投入 (L,K) 生產函數 等產量曲線 (ISOQUANT)

18. FIGURE 6-5 Total Product Hill Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-05

19. FIGURE 6-6 Isoquants and the Total Product Hill Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-06

20. FIGURE 6-8 Isoquants for the Production Function in Table 6.3 Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-08

21. FIGURE 6-9 Economic and Uneconomic Regions of Production Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-09

22. 非經濟區域

23. 等產量曲線的特性 邊際技術替代率 (MRTS) :The rate of which the quantity of capital can be reduced for every one unit increases in the quantity of labor, holding the quantity constant

24. FIGURE 6-10 Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution of Labor for Capital (MRTS L,K ) Along an Isoquant Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-10

25. FIGURE 6-11 Input Substitution Opportunities and the Shape of Isoquants Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-11

26. 邊際技術替代率遞減 :MRTS 與 MP 的關係

27. 如何描述比較 不同產業的要素替代程度 ? 不同產業的 MRTS?

28. 替代彈性

29. FIGURE 6-12 Elasticity of Substitution Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-12

30. 替代彈性的直覺 ?

31. FIGURE 6-13 Isoquants for Iron and Vehicle Production in Germany Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-13

32. 特殊的生產函數 : 完全替代 完全替代 : 替代彈性 無限大 例子 : 不同電腦儲存 容量

33. FIGURE 6-14 Isoquants for a Linear Production Function Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-14

34. 特殊的生產函數 : 完全互補 完全互補 : 替代彈性 =0 例子 : 一部車需一個 引擎, 四個輪子

35. FIGURE 6-15 Isoquants for a Fixed-Proportions Production Function Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-15

36. 特殊的生產函數 :Cbb-Douglas Cbb-Douglas 生產函 數

37. Cobb-Doulgas 的替代彈性

38. FIGURE 6-16 Isoquants for the Cobb-Douglas Production Function Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-16

39. CES 生產函數

40. FIGURE 6-17 Isoquants for the CES Production Function Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-17

41. Quiz 0317 What two factors does the throughput of an oil pipeline of a given length depend on ?

42. 規模報酬 (returns to scale) 所有要素增加對產量 的影響

43. FIGURE 6-18 Increasing, Constant, and Decreasing Returns to Scale Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-18

44. Increasing returns to scale

45. constant returns to scale

46. decreasing returns to scale

47. 練習

48. 邊報酬遞減與規模報酬遞減

49. FIGURE 6-19 Diminishing Marginal Returns versus Returns to Scale Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-19

50. 技術進步 一定數量投入生產更多產量 : 學習效果 中性技術進步 : 要素價格不變, 要素投入比不變 勞動節省 (LABOR-SAVING) 型技術進步 : 邊際資本生產力上升, 要素價格不變, 多用資本 資本節省 (CAPITAL-SAVING) 型技術進步 : 邊際勞動生產力上升, 要素價格不變, 多用勞動

51. FIGURE 6-20 Neutral Technological Progress Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-20

52. FIGURE 6-21 Labor-Saving Technological Progress Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-21

53. FIGURE 6-22 Capital-Saving Technological Progress Besanko & Braeutigam/Microeconomics: An Integrated Approach Chapter 6, Figure 06-22

54. 技術進步與 MRTS