1. Gender role socialization

2. What Is Gender? Sex: Biological differences
Gender: Sociocultural differences
Gender is a constant, but gender role is defined by society.

3. Biological, Social, and Cognitive Influences on Gender
Biological Influences
Pubertal Change and Sexuality
Freud and Erikson
Evolutionary Psychology and Gender
Because of pubertal changes, sexuality plays amore important role in gender development for adolescents than for children.
Freud and Erikson ideas are that anatomy is destiny. Today’s developmentalists are interactionists when biological and environmental influences on gender are at issue.
In the evolutionary psychology view, evolutionary adaptations produced psychological sex differences especially in the area of mate selection.

4. Biological, Social, and Cognitive Influences on Gender
Social Influences
Parental Influences
Peers
School and Teacher Influences
Mass-Media Influences
Both identification theory and social cognitive theory emphasize the adoption of parents’ gender-appropriate behavior.
Peers are especially adept at rewarding gender-appropriate behavior.
There is still concern about gender inequity in education.
Despite improvements, TV still portrays males as more competent than females.

5. Biological, Social, and Cognitive Influences on Gender
Cognitive development theory
Kohlberg
Bem: Gender schema theory
gender typing
Social learning theory
In Cognitive Development theory, children’s gender-typing occurs after they have developed a concept of gender. Once they begin to consistently conceive themselves as male or female, children organize their world on the basis of gender.
In Gender Schema theory, an individual’s attention and behavior are guided by an internal motivation to conform to gender-based sociocultural standards and stereotypes.

6. Gender Stereotypes, Similarities, and Differences
Gender Stereotyping
“Feminine”
“Masculine”
Sexism
Gender Similarities and Differences
Gender stereotypes are widespread around the world, especially emphasizing the male’s power and the female’s nurturance.
There are a number of physical/biological differences between males and females, but some experts argue that cognitive differences have been exaggerated. For some areas of achievement, gender differences exist, for others they do not.
“There is more difference within the sexes than between them.”
- Ivy Compton-Burnett

7. Gender Stereotypes, Similarities, and Differences
Gender Controversy
Gender in Context
Currently there is considerable controversy over how similar or different females and males are in a number of areas.
When thinking about gender similarities and differences, keep in mind that the context in which females and males are thinking, feeling, and behaving should be taken into account.

8. Gender-Role Classification
Traditional Gender Roles
“Boys should grow up to be masculine”
“Girls should grow up to be feminine”
Project 1 or 2 from the Instructor’s Manual provides good exercises for gender roles.

9. Gender-Role Classification
Traditional Gender Roles
Androgyny
Traditional Masculinity and Problem Behaviors in Adolescent Males
Gender-Role Transcendence

10. Gender-Role Classification
Traditional Masculinity and Problem
Behaviors in Adolescent Males
Gender Role Transcendence
What defines traditional masculinity in many western cultures includes behaviors that can be problematic for many male adolescents. Researchers have found that adolescents who are high in masculinity often show problem behaviors such as drug use and delinquency.
One alternative to androgyny is gender-role transcendence: evaluating individuals not on the basis of their gender but instead on the basis of what they are like as a person.

11. Developmental Changes and Junctures
Early Adolescence and Gender Intensifications
Is Early Adolescence a Critical Juncture for Females?
The gender intensification hypothesis states that psychological and behavioral differences between boys and girls become greater during adolescence because of increased socialization pressures to conform to traditional gender roles.
Gilligan believes that girls become aware that their intense interest in intimacy is not prized by the male-dominant society thus making it a critical juncture.

12. Women’s and Men’s Issues
Women’s Issues
Increase self-determination
Increase self-motivation
Be strong, assertive, independent
Men’s Issues
Considerable role strain
Improve emotional development
Improve social relationships