2. Anatomy: The study if the structure of an organism Physiology: The study of the function an organism performs

3. Form relates to function

4. Physical Laws Constrain Animal Form Hydrodynamics Gas exchange Diffusion (lg s.a. to vol. ratio)

5. Fusiform Shape and Streamlining Evolutionary Convergence

6. Fig. 40-3 Exchange 0.15 mm (a) Single cell 1.5 mm (b) Two layers of cells Exchange Mouth Gastrovascular cavity Exchange within the environment

7. Internal exchange surfaces in complex animals

8. carbon atom organ system DNA molecule organellecell tissue organ organismpopulation community ecosystem biosphere

9. Major Tissue Types Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue Tissues are groups of cells with a common function.

10. Epithelia comes in 2 forms: 1.Glandular epithelia 2.Membranous epithelia Functions: Protection Absorption Filtration Excretion Secretion Sensory reception

11. Ducted glands Most have supportive connective tissue, secretory unit, blood supply, nerves Ex. pancreas, sweat glands, salivary, sebaceous, mammary glands Merocrine gland

12. Goblet cells

13. Secretes product directly directly in blood Pituitary Hypothalamus Thyroid Adrenal Pancreas Thymus Pineal

14. Mucous

15. Serious: pericardium, pleura, viscera Parietal pericardium Visceral pericardium Serous fluid

16. Cutaneous

17. Synovial

19. Simple Squamous Epithelium Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Simple Columnar Epithelium Stratified Epithelium Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Transitional Epithelium

21. Loose Connective TissueLoose Connective Tissue Dense Connective TissueDense Connective Tissue Adipose TissueAdipose Tissue CartilageCartilage BoneBone BloodBlood

22. Functions: 1.Connects body parts 2.Protection 3.Insulation 4.Transport substances Common characteristics: 1.All originate from mesenchyme 2.Well vascularized 3.Cells scattered through an extracellular matrix

23. Three main elements: Ground substance (interstitial fluid and proteins) Fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic) Cells (chondrocytes, osteocytes, fibrocytes, blood, macrophages, mast cells)

24. Connective Tissues

25. Skeletal Muscle Tissue Smooth Muscle Tissue Cardiac Muscle Tissue

33. Biology 100 Human Biology

34. Organ Systems

36. Fig. 40-7 River otter (temperature regulator) Largemouth bass (temperature conformer) Body temperature (°C) 010 20 30 40 Ambient (environmental) temperature (ºC) Regulators vs Conformers

37. All organisms must maintain a constant internal environment to function properly Temperature pH Ions Osmolarity Hormones

38. Homeostasis Relatively stable internal environment

39. Negative Feedback vs Positive Feedback

40. Body Temperature Regulation Negative Feedback

41. Blood Sugar Levels Negative Feedback

42. Positive Feedback

43. Introduction to the Bioenergetics of Animals Photosynthesis 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 + light  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Respiration C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2  6H 2 O + 6CO 2 +ATP Autotrophic Nutrition vs Heterotrophic Nutrition

44. Metabolic rate provides clues to an animal’s bioenergetic “strategy” Metabolic Rate: the rate energy consumed for metabolic purposes over time (calories). Respiration Growth Repair Digestion Physical Activities

45. Metabolic Rate Measure by : Heat loss from respiration O 2 consumed CO 2 produced Food consumption

46. Manometer- measures CO 2 produced Ghost crab running a treadmill

47. Two basic bioenergetic strategies used by animals : Endothermy “warm blooded” Ectothermy “cold blooded”

48. Fig. 40-10 RadiationEvaporation ConvectionConduction Heat Exchange

49. Fig. 40-11 Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis Adipose tissue Blood vessels Hair Sweat pore Muscle Nerve Sweat gland Oil gland Hair follicle Thermoregulation

50. Fig. 40-12 Canada gooseBottlenose dolphin Artery Vein Blood flow 33º35ºC 27º 30º 18º 20º 10º9º Countercurrent Heat Exchangers

51. Metabolic rate per gram is inversely correlated to body size among similar animals

52. Animals adjust their metabolic rates as conditions change Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): For humans at rest, not stressed, & with empty stomach- 1600-1800 kcal/day Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR): Measure met. rate for ectotherm at rest, not stressed, & with empty stomach Varies with temperature

53. Maximum Metabolic Rates over Different Time Spans

54. Sustained activity depends on the aerobic process of cellular respiration for ATP supply. –An endotherm’s respiration rate is about 10 times greater than an ectotherm’s. –Only endotherms are capable of long-duration activities such as distance running.

55. Factors influence energy requirements: Age Sex Size Body and environmental temperatures The quality and quantity of food Activity level Oxygen availability Hormonal balance Time of day (nocturnal vs diurnal)

56. Energy budgets reveal how animals use energy and materials

57. Endotherms Ectotherm

58. Torpor Hibernation- a winter torpor Estivation- a summer torpor Conserves energy Temperature- hot, cold, dry Metabolic rate slows Body temp drops

59. Torpor Additional metabolism that would be necessary to stay active in winter Actual metabolism Arousals Body temperature Outside temperature Burrow temperature Metabolic rate (kcal per day) Temperature (°C) JuneAugustOctoberDecemberFebruaryApril –15 –10 –5 0 5 15 10 25 20 35 30 0 100 200