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BHS 499-07 Memory and Amnesia Working Memory
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Baddeley’s Model Baddeley and Hitch’s (1983) tripartite (three-part) model Central executive Control center of working memory Two slave systems: Phonological loop -- processes verbal/acoustic information Visuo-spatial sketchpad -- processes visual and spatial information
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Phonological Loop Components: Phonological store – temporary store for speech input Articulatory loop – where subvocal rehearsal happens (our inner voice) Word length effect – word span is smaller for long words than for short ones.
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Other Phonological Effects Articulatory suppression – talking about something makes it difficult to remember something else. Irrelevant speech effect – background speech, even in another language, interferes with phonological processing. Phonological similarity effect -- rhyming causes confusion at recall.
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Lexicality Effect Working memory can be affected by the contents of long term memory. Memory spans are larger for lists of words than for non-words. Long-term memory supports and enhances phonological processing and can even reverse some effects. Rhyming in the context of songs or sentences helps, not hurts recall.
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Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad Operations of the visuo-spatial sketchpad: Mental scanning – occurs as if seeing the actual object. Mental rotation Boundary extension – people redraw images with boundaries not present in the original. Dynamic memory – interpretation of perceived motion.
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Representational Effects Representational momentum – people extrapolate along the current trajectory to predict an object’s final resting place. Representational gravity – memory for object positions is distorted toward the earth. Representational friction – objects moving in space slow down with friction. Context affects these phenomena (church steeple vs rocket ship)
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Central Executive Allocates attentional resources to accomplish tasks. A catch all explanation for cognition theories. Distributes memory resources. Memory can be improved by increasing arousal and thereby working memory resources. More sleep, gum chewing increases arousal
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Central Executive (Cont.) Suppression – used to keep irrelevant info out of working memory. Dysexecutive syndrome – disorder involving loss of central exec. function Perseveration – difficulty disengaging from one function and switching to another. Distraction – drifting thought processes that lock onto some environmental stimulus.
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Span Tests Simple – one cognitive function at a time Complex – two components: Retention Active processing – more than STM Reading Comprehension Operation Spatial
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