1. Foundations of individual behavior
Chapter 2
Foundations of individual behavior

2. Ob model
Dependent variables: productivity, satisfaction, absence, turnover, citizenship, and satisfaction
Independent variables: individual-level variables, group-level variables, organization systems levels variables

3. Individual-level variables:
Biographical characteristics;
Ability;
Leaning;
Personality characteristics;
Emotions;
Values & attitudes;
Motivations;
Perceptions

4. Biographical Characteristics
Age
Gender
Tenure

5. Biographical Characteristics
Age
Aged population
Aged workforce
Aged employees
Work behavior
Age-turnover relationship
Age-absenteeism relationship
Age-productivity relationship
Age-job satisfaction relationship

6. Biographical Characteristics
Gender
Gender-productivity relationship
Male-female differences
Physical difference
Mental difference
Gender-turnover relationship
Gender-absenteeism relationship
Work schedule preference

7. Biographical Characteristics
Tenure
The term of office or service
Seniority-productivity
Seniority-absenteeism
Seniority-turnover

8. Individual-level variables:
Biographical characteristics;
Ability;
Leaning;
Personality characteristics;
Emotions;
Values & attitudes;
Motivations;
Perceptions

9. Ability Are we created equal? Knowing how people differ in abilities
Knowing people’s strength & weakness

10. Ability
“an individual’s capacity to perform the various tasks in a job”
Intellectual abilities
Physical abilities

11. Intellectual Ability Thinking, reasoning, and problem solving
Information procession
Basic dimensions of intellectual abilities
Aptitude
Verbal comprehension
Perceptual speed
Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Spatial visualization
Memory

13. Intellectual ability Cognitive intelligence Social intelligence
Ability to comprehend complex things
Social intelligence
Ability to relate to others
Emotional intelligence
Ability to identify, understand, and manage emotions
Cultural intelligence
Ability to function in cross-cultural situations

14. How to define successful performance?

15. Performance = Ability X Motivation

16. Ability-Job fit

17. Individual-level variables:
Biographical characteristics;
Ability;
Leaning;
Personality characteristics;
Emotions;
Values & attitudes;
Motivations;
Perceptions

18. Learning Learning involves changes Change must be relatively permanent
Learning takes place when there is a change in actions

19. Learning theories Classical conditioning Operant conditioning
Stimuli vs. response
Passive response
Operant conditioning
Behavior = f (learned consequences)
Voluntary participation
Social learning
Observational learning
Perception & attitude in learning

20. Shaping Behavior Communication Change in behavior Reinforecment
Learned consequences
Change in behavior
Reinforecment
Positive reinforcemen
Following a response with something pleasant
Punishment
Following a response with something unpleasant

21. Organizational applications
Well pay vs. sick pay
Employee discipline
Developing training programs